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Belief Can Persist Despite Knowing Correction
- People can know a correction yet still continue to believe the original false claim due to motivated reasoning.
- Cultural and ideological factors, not country, predicted who kept believing Iraq WMD claims.
Simulated Primary Revealed Backfire
- David Redlawsk ran a simulated primary where participants learned custom negative news about their chosen candidate.
- Low doses of negative info (10–20%) made supporters like their candidate more, showing backfire in action.
There Is A Tipping Point For Updating
- Redlawsk identified an "effective tipping point" where backfire stops and accurate updating begins.
- On average about 30% negative exposure was required in the lab before attitudes shifted toward the disconfirming information.