In this episode, my guest is Jeffrey Goldberg, MD, PhD, professor and chair of the department of ophthalmology at the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University. His clinical and research efforts focus on retinal and optic nerve diseases such as glaucoma and discovering stem cell and nanotechnology treatments to cure blindness. We discuss how to maintain and improve eye health throughout life, the advantages and disadvantages of corrective lenses, including if you should wear “readers,” the use and risks of contact lenses, considerations for LASIK eye surgery, floaters, dry eye, the importance of sunlight and UV protection and specific exercises to improve eye and vision health. Dr. Goldberg also explains age-related conditions: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy; and the behavioral and supplementation-based, prescription and surgical tools used to promote eye health. This episode provides essential tools for listeners of any age and background to maintain eye health and offset vision loss.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Dr. Jeffrey Goldberg(00:03:25) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:06:29) Childhood & Eye Exams(00:11:36) Eye Misalignment & Recovery(00:20:38) Myopia (Near-Sightedness), Children & Sunlight(00:27:03) Sponsor: AG1 (Athletic Greens)(00:31:18) Eye Safety & Protection; Eye Hygiene(00:40:07) Adults & Eye Exams; Optometrist vs Ophthalmologist(00:46:35) Presbyopia (Age-Related Vision Decline), Reading Glasses(00:54:54) Reading Glasses: Use & Recommendations(00:58:34) Night Vision & Glasses(01:03:54) Corrective Eye Glasses, Exercises(01:09:52) Near-Far Exercise & Presbyopia; Smooth Pursuit Exercise & Concussion(01:13:25) Supranormal Vision & Performance Training(01:19:11) 20/20 Vision; Visual Acuity(01:24:51) Contact Lenses: Use, Risks & Aging(01:31:34) UV Protection & Cataracts, “Blue Blockers”(01:38:20) Light Sensitivity & Eye Color(01:40:29) LASIK Eye Surgery(01:46:26) Dry Eye, Tears & Age(01:53:24) Dry Eye, Serum Tears & Preservative-Free Artificial Tears; PRP(02:00:46) Vision Loss: Cataracts, Glaucoma(02:09:23) Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Dry & Wet Forms(02:14:02) Diabetic Retinopathy, Type I vs Type II Diabetes(02:18:54) Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment, Blood Pressure(02:22:17) Glaucoma Screening & Treatment(02:28:07) Smoking, Vaping & Vision Diseases; Cannabis & Eye Pressure(02:35:13) Eye Pressure & Sleep Position(02:37:48) Macular Degeneration, Optic Neuropathies & Red-Light Therapy(02:42:23) “Floaters”(02:45:29) Eye Twitching(02:48:10) AREDS2 Supplementation & Age-Related Macular Degeneration(02:53:39) Glaucoma & Vitamin B3 Supplementation(02:58:42) Retinal Imaging & Neurodegeneration Screening, Multiple Sclerosis(03:06:30) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

Welcome to a preview of the eighth Ask Me Anything (AMA) episode, part of the Huberman Lab Premium subscription.The Huberman Lab Premium subscription was launched for two main reasons. First, it was launched in order to raise support for the standard Huberman Lab podcast channel — which will continue to come out every Monday at zero-cost. Second, it was launched as a means to raise funds for important scientific research. A significant portion of proceeds from the Huberman Lab Premium subscription will fund human research (not animal models) selected by Dr. Huberman, with a dollar-for-dollar match from the Tiny Foundation.Subscribe to Huberman Lab Premium at https://hubermanlab.com/premium.Timestamps(00:00:00) Introduction00:01:46 Pros & Cons of Daily Caffeine Consumption00:23:01 Huberman Lab PremiumIn the full AMA episode, we discuss: Can Caffeine Have a Detrimental Effect on the Gut Microbiome? What Are Some Ways of Recovering or Resetting From Decision Fatigue? Effects of Social Isolation Title Card Photo Credit: Mike BlabacDisclaimer

Tim Ferriss, bestselling author and podcast host, joins the Huberman Lab to discuss exploration, mastery, and creativity. They delve into finding mentors, incorporating playfulness into skill mastery, the importance of location and networks, and Tim's philanthropic efforts in mental health research. They also explore topics like protein drinks, wearable technology, randomized control trials, blood and DNA tests, building a strategic network, simplifying life, the power of psychedelics, legalizing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, the value of mentors, and exciting scientific studies in psychedelics.

In this episode, I discuss Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), which is also commonly known as “ecstasy” or “molly,” including how it works in the brain to cause short- and long- term-shifts in emotional processing and its clinical applications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol and other substance-use addictions. I discuss the neuronal mechanisms for how MDMA elevates mood, empathy, motivation, social engagement, and reduces “threat detection” and how these effects can synergistically support talk therapy. I also explain the ongoing debate about the potential neurotoxicity of MDMA, myths about the origins and treatments for post-MDMA “crash,” the evolving legal landscape around MDMA use for clinical purposes, and I caution recreational users about the extremely dangerous additives (e.g., fentanyl) now commonly found in black market MDMA. This should be of interest to those curious about MDMA, neuropharmacology, the origins of emotional processing in the brain, empathy, PTSD, neuroplasticity, mental health and psychiatry.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) MDMA “Ecstasy”(00:04:54) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:08:18) MDMA History & Synthesis; Legality(00:14:45) MDMA, Methamphetamine (Meth), Dopamine & Serotonin(00:23:30) MDMA vs Psychedelics vs Ketamine(00:26:54) MDMA & Serotonin 1B Receptor, Subjective Feelings, Trauma(00:30:12) Sponsor: AG1(00:34:51) Amygdala & Threat Detection, Pro-Social Behavior, MDMA Dosages(00:45:48) Interoception, MDMA & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)(00:52:36) Long-Term Effects, Threat Detection & PTSD(00:56:14) MDMA, Social Connection & Empathy; Meth, SSRIs(01:07:22) Oxytocin & MDMA(01:16:10) Safety & Neurotoxicity; Recreational Use, Caffeine & Fentanyl(01:26:36) Is MDMA Neurotoxic?; Poly-Pharmacology, Body Temperature(01:37:07) Post-MDMA “Crash”, Prolactin & P‑5‑P(01:43:07) PTSD & Trauma; Talk Therapy, SSRIs(01:54:09) PTSD Treatment: Talk Therapy + MDMA(02:02:46) MDMA & Addiction; Dissociative PTSD & Empathy(02:09:47) Side-Effects?, MDMA Efficacy & Legality(02:15:22) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

In this episode, my guest is Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, EdD, professor of education, psychology and neuroscience at the University of Southern California and director of the Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education, who has done groundbreaking research on emotions, self-awareness and social interactions and how these impact the way we learn and change across our lifespan. She explains how an understanding of emotions can be leveraged to improve learning in children and in adults, and how the education system should be altered to include new forms of exploration and to facilitate better learning and to include more diverse learning (and teaching) styles. This episode ought to be of interest to anyone interested in how we learn, human development in children and adults, as well as those generally interested in education, psychology or neuroscience.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Dr. Mary Helen Immordino-Yang(00:02:27) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:05:54) Inspiration, Awe & Story(00:09:59) Brain-Body, Narratives(00:15:58) Emotions, Durability & Lifespan(00:21:47) Conjuring Stories, Historical Context & Emotion(00:28:53) Sponsor: AG1(00:33:30) Hierarchal Emotion Organization, Default Mode Network, Story & Emotion(00:46:24) Emotional Development & Lifetime(00:57:13) Narrative & Genocide; Checking Assumptions & Mental Flexibility(01:05:22) Social Media, Cognitive Dissonance(01:09:52) Education, Deconstructing Beliefs & Curiosity(01:18:32) Emotion & Learning; Constructing Meaning(01:28:59) Good Teachers & Curiosity(01:33:25) Inter-disciplinary Education; Development & Culture(01:50:58) Idea Exploration, Tolerance(01:56:53) Reframing Education, Deconstructing Assumptions(02:03:28) Safety, Creativity & Default Mode Network(02:12:15) Civic Discourse & Education; Deconstructing Ideas(02:27:31) “Mirror” Neurons, Shared Social Experiences(02:35:49) Cold Exposure & Sickness; Role of Education(02:38:51) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

Welcome to a preview of the seventh Ask Me Anything (AMA) episode, part of the Huberman Lab Premium subscription.The Huberman Lab Premium subscription was launched for two main reasons. First, it was launched in order to raise support for the standard Huberman Lab podcast channel — which will continue to come out every Monday at zero-cost. Second, it was launched as a means to raise funds for important scientific research. A significant portion of proceeds from the Huberman Lab Premium subscription will fund human research (not animal models) selected by Dr. Huberman, with a dollar-for-dollar match from the Tiny Foundation.Subscribe to Huberman Lab Premium at https://hubermanlab.com/premium.Timestamps(00:00:00) Introduction(00:01:45) Is It Possible to Get a Cold or Sick From Deliberate Cold Exposure?(00:20:02) Huberman Lab PremiumIn the full AMA episode, we discuss: How Can You Increase Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep? What Experiment(s) Would You Like to Undertake in Regard to Physical or Mental Performance? Articles Immune system of cold-exposed and cold-adapted humans Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans The Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: A study with college varsity tennis players The impact of extended sleep on daytime alertness, vigilance, and mood Title Card Photo Credit: Mike BlabacDisclaimer

In this episode, I explain how medications such as Adderall, Ritalin, Vyvanse and other stimulants work to increase focus and treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). I explain the brain circuits involved in focus and the key roles dopamine and norepinephrine play in their regulation. Then I explain how stimulants such as Adderall and Vyvanse can increase focus and reduce hyperactivity in kids or adults with ADHD, and how and why Ritalin and other medications (e.g., Modafinil, Guanfacine) may work better for some. I explain the long-term effects of ADHD medications on height, cardiovascular health, hormones, predisposition to addiction and psychosis, and whether these treatments can be used and then stopped. I also discuss the immense individual variation in dosage sensitivity for these medications and the negative side-effects that occur from recreational use. This episode ought to benefit anyone with ADHD, their parents, those on ADHD medications or anyone curious about how these medications work.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Stimulants & Attention-Deficient/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)(00:03:38) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:06:35) The Brain-Body Contract(00:07:22) Attention, Prefrontal Cortex & ADHD(00:16:27) Stimulants “Sympathomimetics”(00:21:29) Adderall, Dopamine & Norepinephrine(00:25:58) Sympathomimetics, Dopamine & Norepinephrine(00:27:21) Sponsor: AG1(00:32:20) Vyvanse is Timed-Release D-Amp(00:36:36) Ritalin, Concerta(00:40:10) Dopamine & “Noise Reduction”; Norepinephrine & “Signal Amplification”(00:45:28) ADHD: Focus, Hyperactivity & Impulsivity; Drug Selection & Dose(00:50:57) How do Stimulants ‘Calm’ ADHD?(00:54:480 Neuroplasticity & Neuromodulators(00:58:06) Kids, ADHD Diagnosis & Treatment; Predispose Addiction?(01:05:12) ADHD Medications: Individuality, Doses, Tapering & Long-Term Use(01:13:28) Medication & Long-Term Effects: Height, Cardiovascular Risk, Alcohol(01:19:32) Cortisol & Hormones(01:27:45) Psychosis & Addiction; Methamphetamine(01:38:20) Recreational Use, Addiction & Psychosis; Habituation(01:42:30) Drug Holidays; Ritalin & Long-Term Effects(01:45:35) Modafinil, Armodafinil; Side-Effects(01:53:03) Guanfacine, Alcohol(01:58:03) ADHD Medications(02:00:26) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

In this episode, my guest is Robin Carhart-Harris, PhD, distinguished professor of neurology and psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. He is one of leading researchers in the study of how psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD and DMT can change the human brain and in doing so, be used to successfully treat various mental health challenges such as major depression, anorexia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and addiction. He explains how psilocybin induces sustained changes in adaptive brain wiring and cognition. We discuss the key components of safe and effective psychedelic journeys, the role of hallucinations, the use of eye-masks to encourage people to “go internal,” and music, as well as what effective therapist support consists of before, during and after the session (also known as integration). We discuss micodosing vs. macrodosing and how researchers control for placebo effects in psychedelic research. We also discuss the current legal landscape around psychedelic therapies. Psychedelic therapies are fast emerging as powerful and soon-to-be mainstream treatments for medical health disorders, but they are not without their risks. As such, this episode ought to be of use to anyone interested in brain plasticity, mental health, psychology or neuroscience.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris(00:02:28) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:05:41) The Brain-Body Contract(00:06:31) Origin of the Word: “Psychedelics”; Pharmacology(00:12:05) Psychedelics & Revealing the Unconscious Mind, Psychotherapy(00:17:32) Microdosing(00:26:08) Psilocybin vs. Magic Mushroom Doses(00:28:28) “Psychedelic-Therapy”, Music(00:31:13) Sponsor: AG1(00:36:26) Psychedelic Journey: “Trust, Let Go, Be Open”(00:43:01) Negative Emotions, Fear & Psychedelics(00:46:21) Global Functional Connectivity, Serotonin 2A Receptor; Subjective Experiences(00:52:33) Pharmacology: Therapeutics without Psychedelic Effects; SSRIs(00:58:45) Psilocybin & Depression; Long-Term Effects: Connectivity & Neuroplasticity(01:10:26) Psilocybin Therapy & Anorexia(01:12:56) Integration Phase & Psychedelic-Therapy; Meditation(01:19:50) First-Time Psychedelic Use, “Entropic Brain Effect”, Neuroplasticity, Cognition(01:30:16) Fibromyalgia & Psychedelic Treatment; MDMA Therapy & “Inner Healer”(01:38:55) Placebo Response & Psychedelic Therapy(01:41:39) LSD & Psychedelic-Therapy, Micro-Dose(01:48:19) Combination Psilocybin-MDMA Therapy(01:56:06) DMT “Rocketship” & Serotonin 2A Receptors; Ibogaine(02:01:04) “Ego Dissolution”, Cocaine vs. Psychedelics; Relapses(02:12:26) Psychedelics & Legal Landscape; Decriminalization(02:17:54) MDMA, Trauma & Clinical Trials; Future Regulatory (FDA) Approval?(02:23:25) Psilocybin & Current Clinical Trials(02:28:41) Mental Health & Psychedelic Treatment, Safeguards, Paradigm Shift(02:34:39) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

In this episode, my guest is Susanna Søberg, PhD. She earned her doctoral degree at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, researching the effects of deliberate cold and deliberate heat exposure on metabolism and other aspects of human physiology. We discuss how cold or sauna can improve metabolism, cardiovascular and brain health, balance hormones, and decrease inflammation. Dr. Søberg discusses how deliberate cold protocols can improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and trigger release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine which enhance energy, mood, and focus. We compare cold showers and cold immersion, traditional and infrared saunas, and other variables. This episode provides actionable tools and answers to common questions about the use of deliberate cold and heat to improve health.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Dr. Susanna Søberg(00:03:39) Sponsors: Plunge, LMNT & Waking Up(00:06:49) The Brain-Body Contract(00:07:40) Physiology in Uncomfortably Cold Environments(00:12:05) Tool: Water Temperature, “Cold Shock” & Discomfort(00:17:37) Cold Showers vs. Immersion in Water, Brown Fat(00:22:11) Cold Receptors, Brown Fat & Temperature Homeostasis(00:25:22) Shiver, “After Drop”, Healthy Stress(00:31:08) Long-Term Health Benefits of Deliberate Cold Exposure(00:31:51) Sponsor: AG1(00:37:02) Blood Pressure & Heath(00:38:26) Brown Fat, Insulin Sensitivity & Metabolism(00:45:07) Temperature Regulation, Brown Fat vs. White Fat(00:52:26) Cold Resilience, Scandinavia(01:00:16) Winter Swimmers & Brown Fat; Discomfort(01:10:28) Sex differences & Brown Fat, Cold-Adapted(01:15:21) Diving Reflex & Parasympathetic Activation(01:18:44) Tool: Deliberate Cold & Sauna Protocol(01:23:11) Winter Swimmers, Shiver; Circadian Rhythm & Brown Fat(01:31:14) Tool: Minimum Threshold for Cold & Heat; Sauna & Cardiovascular Health(01:35:19) Tool: Maintaining Stimulus when Cold-Adapted; Shorter Sessions(01:38:09) Cold Exposure, Sleep Quality, Clothing(01:47:37) “Brown Fat Negative” & Shiver(01:52:13) Cold & Heat, Inflammation Reduction(01:55:40) Tool: “Soberg Principle”: End on Cold, Metabolism(01:59:39) Cold Exposure: Fed or Fasted?(02:00:32) Raynaud’s Syndrome; Hand/Feet Protection in Cold(02:05:21) Tool: Headache & Cold Exposure; Head Submersion & Head Coverings(02:11:29) Children & Hypothermia Risk(02:17:16) Gender Differences & Cold Exposure(02:19:57) Tool: Brief, Repeated Temperature Changes; Circadian Rhythm & Temperature(2:27:53) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network NewsletterDisclaimer

In this episode, I discuss what psilocybin is (chemically) and how it works at the cellular and neural circuit level to trigger neuroplasticity, which is our brain’s ability to rewire itself in ways that lead to long-lasting shifts in our emotional, cognitive and behavioral patterns and abilities. I discuss the emerging clinical trial evidence for the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression, addictions and other psychiatric challenges. I explain the typical duration and phases of a psilocybin journey, the different categories of dosages often used and I explain the importance of set, setting and support when using psychedelics. I explain which groups of people place themselves at great risk by taking psilocybin as well as groups that could benefit, and I highlight the rapidly changing legal and medical landscape around psilocybin. This episode is a thorough exploration of psilocybin from the scientific and clinical literature perspective and ought to be of interest to anyone curious about psilocybin, mental health, neuroplasticity and/or psychedelics more generally.For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.Thank you to our sponsorsAG1: https://athleticgreens.com/hubermanLMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlabWaking Up: https://wakingup.com/hubermanMomentous: https://livemomentous.com/hubermanTimestamps(00:00:00) Psilocybin, Legal Considerations(00:08:48) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up(00:12:00) Psilocybin Becomes Psilocin in the Gut, Serotonin(00:17:00) The Serotonin 2A Receptor, Therapeutic Outcomes SSRIs vs. Psilocybin(00:21:40) Serotonin Receptor Expression; Visual Hallucinations & Eyes Closed(00:26:02) Sponsor: AG1(00:27:21) Safety & Cautions for Specific Patient Populations(00:30:28) Psilocybin, “Magic Mushrooms” Dosing, Micro-Dosing, “Heroic Doses”(00:36:21) Psychedelic Journey: Set, Setting & Support(00:43:43) Music & the Psilocybin Journey; Duration of Effects(00:48:58) Psilocybin & the Brain: Subjective Experiences, Perception(00:59:48) Brain Networks & Therapeutic Outcomes(01:05:23) Creativity; Music, Emotionality & Psychedelic Journeys(01:12:39) Depression & Psychedelics as Neuroplasticity “Wedge”(01:16:53) Positive Psychedelic Journeys, Unity, “Oceanic Boundlessness”(01:25:23) “Bad Trips”, Anxiety & Physiological Sighs(01:32:57) Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin(01:36:11) Neuroplasticity, Structural Brain Changes & Psilocybin(01:48:08) Psychedelics: Therapeutic Breakthroughs & Depression(01:56:37) Combining Psilocybin Therapy & Talk Therapy, Antidepressant Effects(02:03:11) Psilocybin Experience & Mental Health(2:06:42) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Neural Network Newsletter, Social MediaDisclaimer