Training tendons; implications for sprinting, jumping and rehabilitation with Keith Baar (Professor of Molecular Exercise Physiology at University of California, Davis)
Jun 17, 2021
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Keith Baar, Professor of Molecular Exercise Physiology at University of California, Davis, discusses how the musculoskeletal system functions, injury rates on the rise, avoiding tendon and ligament injuries, identifying muscle injuries, becoming more flexible, benefits of isometric training, the importance of nutrition, and more.
Balancing tendon stiffness is crucial for performance and injury prevention, but individual factors and goals make it challenging to find the right training balance.
Tendons and ligaments have different functions, with tendons needing to be stretchy at the muscle end and stiff at the bone end for efficient force transmission and injury protection.
Understanding genetic factors and individual adaptations in tendons can help tailor training programs to optimize tendon health and performance while reducing injury risk.
Deep dives
The Role of Stiffness in Performance and Injury
The stiffness of tendons and ligaments plays a crucial role in performance and injury prevention. Stiff ligaments are important for joint stability, while stiff tendons facilitate the efficient transmission of force from muscles to bones. However, excessively stiff tendons can lead to non-contact muscle pulls. Finding the right balance between performance and injury prevention is key, but it can be challenging due to differing individual factors and goals. Performance practitioners need to assess and monitor individual stiffness levels, considering factors such as sport type, genetics, and injury history. The use of isometric exercises, both overcoming and yielding, can help optimize the stiffness of tendons while taking into account individual variations.
The Function and Adaptation of Tendons
Tendons and ligaments, though structurally similar, have different functions. Ligaments keep joints stable, while tendons connect muscles to bones. Tendons need to be variable mechanical tissues, stretchy at the muscle end and stiff at the bone end, to effectively transmit force and protect muscles from injury. Stiff tendons enable rapid force transmission during dynamic movements like sprinting and jumping. Adequate stiffness is crucial for performance, but excessively stiff tendons compared to muscle strength can lead to non-contact muscle pulls. Individual adaptations in tendons vary, and tracking qualitative and quantitative measures, such as rate of force development and injury history, can help performance practitioners tailor training to achieve optimal tendon health and performance.
Training Strategies for Stiffness and Adaptation
Finding the right training balance to optimize tendon stiffness while reducing injury risk requires understanding individual differences and goals. Heavy slow training can increase tendon stiffness and break cross-links within the muscle end of the tendon, leading to improved force transmission and decreased injury risk. Slower movements allow collagen molecules to slide past each other, breaking cross-links and reducing stiffness. Fast training with lighter weights can increase tendon stiffness and promote cross-link formation, but may lead to decreased muscle strength over time. Isometric exercises, such as overcoming and yielding isometrics, can be used to induce stress relaxation and optimize tendon and muscle function. Individualized training programs based on injury history, performance goals, and genetic predispositions can help strike the right balance between performance and injury prevention.
The importance of genetic predisposition in athlete injuries
The podcast episode discusses the influence of genetic factors in athlete injuries, particularly in relation to collagen sequence changes and genes like tenacin C. These genetic changes can predispose athletes to matrix-based injuries, such as tendon ligament injuries, as well as non-contact muscle pulls. The altered stiffness of the matrix plays a significant role in these injuries, but it can also enhance an athlete's performance.
Controversy around static stretching and its impact on injury prevention
The podcast challenges the traditional practice of static stretching as a method of improving flexibility while avoiding hypermobility. The podcast mentions that static stretches may change the Golgi tendon organ reflex and lead to mixed signals to the musculoskeletal system, potentially increasing the risk of injury. The example of NCAA gymnasts who frequently perform passive stretching but still experience Achilles tendon ruptures is used to support this argument. The podcast questions the continued use of static stretching in sports such as football, where athletes perform dynamic, explosive movements.
Dr. Keith Baar is the Head of the Functional Molecular Biology Laboratory (FMBLab) at the University of California Davis. On this week’s Pacey Performance Podcast, we discuss how the musculoskeletal system functions including how diet and physical activity affect muscle growth, and how tendons and ligaments respond to the stresses of exercise
Dr. Keith’s teachings are absolutely invaluable for both coaches, sports scientists and athletes alike as he tells us why injury rates are still on the rise despite coaches knowing more about the human body than ever before, and how to specifically avoid injuring tendons and ligaments whilst still developing muscle growth.
As a bonus, he also gives us some excellent nutritional tips. Don’t miss out on all this expert advice gained from a career dedicated to learning just what it is that gives the very best athletes that slight advantage over their rivals.
Topics:
What inspired him to get into sports science
Why injury rates are still on the rise
Why so many coaches only have a short-term view of training
A masterclass in tendons and ligaments and how to avoid injuring them
What makes every athlete unique when it comes to tendons
How to identify an imminent muscle injury
What athletes can do to become more flexible
Why static stretching is now outdated
Keith’s thoughts on isometric training and the techniques he recommends
The benefits of fast and slow training
The importance of nutrition and Keith’s advice
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