281: Nerd Lab: How Dr. George Brooks Revolutionized our Understanding of Lactate
Aug 17, 2023
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Dr. George Brooks revolutionized our understanding of lactate and health. Discover his groundbreaking research challenging the misconception of lactate as a waste product. Explore the significance of lactate in cancer survival, managing heat, hydration, and fueling for performance. Learn about the history and misconceptions of lactate and the lactate shuttle hypothesis. Understand the role of lactate in cancer, its effects on cancer cells and the immune system, and its importance in exercise and metabolic flexibility.
Lactate is not a waste product but a critical fuel for the body, challenging the common understanding of its role in fatigue.
Trained athletes have better lactate clearance abilities, highlighting the importance of lactate clearance in maintaining energy levels during exercise and enhancing athletic performance.
Lactate plays a crucial role in cancer survival and growth, contradicting the previous belief that it was a byproduct of cancer cell metabolism.
Deep dives
Lactate: A Critical Fuel for the Body
Lactate, once thought to be a waste product that causes fatigue, is actually a critical fuel for the body. This is the main idea presented in the podcast episode. In the 1980s, Dr. George Brooks challenged the common understanding of lactate and proposed the lactate shuttle theory. He found that lactate is not produced excessively during exercise, but rather trained athletes are better at clearing it. In a later review, Dr. Brooks explained how lactate serves as a source of fuel, shuttling between cells and tissues. Interestingly, the episode also explored Dr. Brooks' research on the role of lactate in cancer metabolism. It was suggested that lactate plays a crucial role in cancer survival and growth. Overall, the episode highlights the complexity and importance of lactate as a fuel and its relevance in both athletic performance and cancer research.
Lactate Clearance: Training Improves Clearing Abilities
The podcast episode discussed a study conducted by Dr. Brooks in 1983, which showed that trained athletes have better lactate clearance abilities compared to untrained individuals. Contrary to popular belief, lactate production is similar in both trained and untrained athletes, but trained athletes are more efficient at clearing it. The study also revealed that lactate is utilized as a fuel source in the body and can be converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis. This finding highlights the importance of lactate clearance in maintaining energy levels during exercise and suggests that training improves the body's ability to clear lactate, leading to enhanced athletic performance.
Lactate's Role in Cancer Metabolism
Dr. Brooks and Dr. Inigo San Milan's research on lactate's role in cancer metabolism was a significant focus of the podcast episode. They explored the 100-year-old Warburg effect, where cancer cells produce significantly more lactate than normal cells. Contrary to the previous belief that lactate was a byproduct of cancer cell metabolism, Dr. Brooks and Dr. San Milan proposed that lactate is critical for cancer survival and proliferation. Blocking lactate production in cancer cells has been shown to improve cancer outcomes. The episode highlights the ongoing exploration of lactate's involvement in cancer and its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions.
Understanding the Two Energy Production Pathways: Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Our metabolism relies on two energy production pathways: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to produce a small amount of energy, while oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside the mitochondria and uses oxygen to convert fat into a large amount of ATP. This explains why glycolysis is used for quick energy during intense activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation is preferred for longer, endurance-type efforts.
The Significance of Lactate and the Lactate Shuttle in Energy Transport
Lactate, often misunderstood as a waste product, plays a crucial role in energy transport within the body. It is produced during glycolysis and can be transported across membranes to cells and mitochondria that require energy. The lactate shuttle mechanism allows lactate to flow from glycolytic tissues, such as fast-twitch muscle fibers, to oxidative tissues, like slow-twitch muscle fibers and the heart, where it is converted back to pyruvate and utilized for energy production. Lactate acts as a transporter, ensuring efficient energy distribution and has implications for various physiological processes, including cancer metabolism.
We dive into the extensive work of Dr. George Brooks, one of the preeminent exercise physiologists of our time. His work revolutionized our understanding of lactate and health.