Taiwan experienced a remarkable economic transformation in the 1960s and 70s, known as the Taiwan Miracle, through government-supported industrialization and economic reforms.
The changing geopolitical landscape in the 1960s and 70s, including the US-China relationship, led to Taiwan's isolation and increased recognition of the People's Republic of China as the legitimate representative of China.
Deep dives
History of Taiwan in the 1950s: Wartime footing and battle deaths
The podcast episode explores how Taiwan and the offshore islands remained on a wartime footing throughout the 1950s. The Taiwan Strait was highly tense during this period, particularly on the offshore islands. Numerous battle deaths occurred during this time, with around a thousand soldiers killed on the nationalist side and 850 on the PLA side. The speaker emphasizes that the so-called fourth Taiwan Strait crisis in 2022 hardly compared to the intensity of the crises in the 1950s.
Chiang Kai-shek's succession and the silencing of opposition figures
After Chiang Ching-kuo stepped down as premier in 1963 due to cancer, Chiang Ching-kuo stood in for military and party matters. C.K. Yen, a close confidant of Madame Chiang and no political threat to her husband, replaced Chiang Ching-kuo as premier. However, Chiang Kai-shek's focus shifted from recovering the mainland to silencing opposition figures. He amended the Constitution to pave the way for a third presidential term, which faced opposition and criticism. Notable figures like Lei Chiu-jen and Pung Ming Ming were arrested, charged, and imprisoned for voicing dissent against the regime.
Taiwan's economic transformation and the Taiwan Miracle
Taiwan experienced a remarkable economic transformation during the 1960s and 70s, often referred to as the Taiwan Miracle or Taiwanese Miracle. The government focused on export-oriented manufacturing, with industries such as toy production, garments, plastics, and textiles thriving. This economic growth led to the emergence of a new middle class and an influx of foreign exchange. The US aid, especially from USAID, played a significant role in Taiwan's economic development during this time. The podcast highlights Taiwan's successful adoption of government-supported industrialization and economic reforms that became a model for other countries, like the People's Republic of China.
Geopolitical challenges and US-China relations
The podcast discusses the changing geopolitical landscape for Taiwan in the 1960s and 70s, particularly in relation to US-China relations. The US explored a new relationship with the People's Republic of China (PRC), leading to Taiwan's isolation and increasing recognition of the PRC as the legitimate representative of China. The podcast highlights how the US gradually shifted its policy, including relaxing restrictions on travel to the PRC and lifting the ban on PRC's representation in the United Nations. Despite these changes, Jiang Jingguo, Chiang Kai-shek's son, expressed his concern about Taiwan's position and worked on various initiatives like Taiwanization to maintain KMT control amidst growing opposition and demands for democratization.
Another barnburner of an episode here in Part 12. The 1960s and 70s witnessed a lot of turbulence in Taiwan. Following the Sino-Soviet Split, Chiang Kai-shek had a funny feeling his U.S. ally was going to try to make hay of this opportunity. Facing an uncertain future Chiang front-burner'd economic reform. As things gather steam throughout the 1970s, a middle class emerges and grows. Taiwan was moving full speed ahead in the direction of becoming one of the Four Asian Tiger economies. Chiang knew the knock on the door was coming sooner or later. December 1969 he is told by the US ambassador the US will end things with the ROC in favor of recognizing the PRC. That created a very complicated and sensitive situation. The KMT starts grooming more native Taiwanese and carries out aggressive outreach. And we'll close off with the death of Chiang in April 1975.