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Huberman Lab
Dr. Robert Lustig: How Sugar & Processed Foods Impact Your Health
Dec 18, 2023
Dr. Robert Lustig, neuroendocrinologist, professor of pediatrics at UCSF, discusses how sugar and processed foods impact health. Topics include: the addictive nature of sugars, their impact on insulin levels and metabolic health, the role of sugar in obesity and mental health, how the food industry uses sugar to create pseudo foods, and actionable information on sugar, metabolism, and brain health.
03:24:07
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Quick takeaways
- Different types of sugars, especially fructose, can have negative impacts on insulin levels, liver, kidney, and metabolic health.
- Incorporating enough fiber into the diet can reinforce gut health, prevent inflammation, and support the growth of the gut microbiome.
- Intermittent fasting, in combination with a diet rich in fiber and fermented foods, can promote gut health by replenishing and reinforcing the gut lining and microbiome.
- Avoiding ultra-processed foods and focusing on whole foods, fiber-rich vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 sources can promote metabolic health.
- Reducing sugar consumption, especially fructose, is crucial for improving health and preventing metabolic disorders and addiction-like behaviors.
Deep dives
Calories are not all the same
The podcast explores the idea that a calorie is not just a calorie and discusses how the body processes different types of nutrients.
The role of fructose and insulin
The episode highlights the negative impact of fructose on the body, specifically how it inhibits enzymes necessary for normal mitochondrial function and how it can lead to insulin resistance and metabolic diseases.
Importance of fiber and gut health
The podcast emphasizes the role of fiber in the diet, highlighting how it can prevent the absorption of certain calories and support a healthy gut microbiome.
The Impact of Fiber on Gut Health
Fiber plays a crucial role in building the mucin layer in the gut and maintaining tight junctions, which helps protect the intestine and bloodstream. Incorporating enough fiber into the diet can reinforce gut health and prevent inflammation and leaky gut syndrome. Fiber also supports the growth and replenishment of the gut microbiome, especially when combined with fermented foods. Short-chain fatty acids produced by the microbiome from fiber serve as postbiotics, aiding in the healing of intestinal cells.
The Relationship Between Fasting, Eating Windows, and Gut Health
Intermittent fasting, when combined with a diet rich in fiber and high-quality fermented foods, can support gut health. While fasting can lead to the consumption of the intestine's lining, the subsequent intake of fiber and fermented foods replenishes and reinforces the gut lining and microbiome. Timing and duration of fasting can vary based on individual preferences and desired health benefits, and it's important to prioritize adequate fiber intake during eating windows to support gut health.
The Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on Metabolic Health
Ultra-processed foods, comprising about 73% of grocery store items, contribute to chronic metabolic diseases. These foods often contain high levels of sugar, refined carbohydrates, and branched-chain amino acids, leading to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Categorizing foods based on the Nova system, which differentiates ultra-processed foods from minimally processed ones, can help individuals make more informed dietary choices. Avoiding ultra-processed foods and focusing on whole foods, fiber-rich vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 sources like fish can promote metabolic health.
Importance of LDL and statins
Contrary to popular belief, LDL levels are not a reliable marker for cardiovascular risk, and statins may not be necessary for primary prevention. An analysis of the UK population revealed that higher levels of LDL correlated with greater longevity, indicating that LDL may not be the true problem. There are two types of LDL: large buoyant and small dense. Statins primarily affect large buoyant LDL, which is cardiovascularly neutral. The small dense LDL, which is associated with atherosclerosis, is influenced by insulin and triglyceride levels rather than LDL. Therefore, reducing insulin by reducing sugar intake may be an effective approach to reducing small dense LDL.
Addressing the Broken Food System
The current food system is broken, with 51 different federal agencies managing food in the US, lacking communication and coordination. The food industry profits from this disarray. To create a cultural shift towards healthier eating, similar to bicycle helmets and seat belts, smoking in public places, drunk driving, and condoms in bathrooms, comprehensive efforts are needed. Establishing a centralized food authority separate from the FDA, similar to the success with smoking, could facilitate communication and regulation. The example of Berkeley's soda tax demonstrates that financial incentives, like higher prices for unhealthy foods, can help reduce obesity and related health problems. A focus on protecting the liver, feeding the gut, and supporting the brain can help make any food healthier, including ultra-processed options.
The Impact of GLP1 Analogues in Weight Loss
GLP1 analogues like semaglutide and terzepitide are synthesized in the lab and have been shown to aid weight loss. Terzepitide, in particular, has a dual function as it binds to the GIP receptor, making it potentially more effective for weight loss than other GLP1 analogues. However, long-term use of these analogues results in equal loss of fat and muscle mass, which is not ideal as muscle loss is detrimental to health. Moreover, the reduction in gastric emptying caused by these analogues leads to side effects like nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis. Despite these drawbacks, GLP1 analogues can be beneficial for the right patients when combined with resistance training.
The Role of Sugar and Food in Obesity
Reducing sugar consumption is crucial for improving health. Sugar, especially fructose, activates the reward center in the brain, similar to addictive substances. High consumption of sugar can lead to metabolic disorders and addiction-like behaviors. The food industry hides sugar in various forms and uses different names for it in ingredient lists. Whole foods without labels, such as fruits and vegetables, and foods with minimal processing, are the best choices. Advocacy against ultra-processed foods is important, whether it's writing to policymakers, demanding healthier food options in hospitals and schools, or supporting initiatives that promote real, minimally processed food.
3.
The Misconception of Calories and the Effects of Processing Different Types of Calories
9min
6.
Misconceptions About Calories, Fat, and the Influence of the Food Industry on Nutrition Policy
3min
7.
The Impact of Carbohydrate Consumption on Energy Expenditure and Insulin Response
8min
In this episode, my guest is Dr. Robert Lustig, M.D., neuroendocrinologist, professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and a bestselling author on nutrition and metabolic health. We address the “calories in- calories out” (CICO) model of metabolism and weight regulation and how specific macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates), fiber and sugar can modify the CICO equation. We cover how different types of sugars, specifically fructose, sugars found in liquid form, taste intensity, and other factors impact insulin levels, liver, kidney, and metabolic health. We also explore how fructose in non-fruit sources can be addictive (acting similarly to drugs of abuse) and how sugar alters brain circuits related to food cravings and satisfaction. We discuss the role of sugar in childhood and adult obesity, gut health and disease and mental health. We also discuss how the food industry uses refined sugars to create pseudo foods and what these do to the brain and body. This episode is replete with actionable information about sugar and metabolism, weight control, brain health and body composition. It ought to be of interest to anyone seeking to understand how specific food choices impact the immediate and long-term health of the brain and body.
For show notes, including referenced articles and additional resources, please visit hubermanlab.com.
Use Ask Huberman Lab, our new AI-powered platform, for a summary, clips, and insights from this episode.
Thank you to our sponsors
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Timestamps
(00:00:00) Dr. Robert Lustig
(00:02:02) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up
(00:06:41) Calories, Fiber
(00:12:15) Calories, Protein & Fat, Trans Fats
(00:18:23) Carbohydrate Calories, Glucose vs. Fructose, Fruit, Processed Foods
(00:26:43) Fructose, Mitochondria & Metabolic Health
(00:31:54) Trans Fats; Food Industry & Language
(00:33:55) Sponsor: AG1
(00:37:04) Glucose, Insulin, Muscle
(00:42:31) Insulin & Cell Growth vs. Burn; Oxygen & Cell Growth, Cancer
(00:51:14) Glucose vs. Fructose, Uric Acid; “Leaky Gut” & Inflammation
(01:00:51) Supporting the Gut Microbiome, Fasting
(01:04:13) Highly Processed Foods, Sugars; “Price Elasticity” & Food Industry
(01:11:51) Processed Foods & Added Sugars
(01:14:19) Sugars, High-Fructose Corn Syrup
(01:18:16) Food Industry & Added Sugar, Personal Responsibility, Public Health
(01:30:04) Obesity, Diabetes, “Hidden” Sugars
(01:34:57) Diet, Insulin & Sugars
(01:38:20) Tools: NOVA Food Classification; Perfact Recommendations
(01:43:46) Meat & Metabolic Health, Eggs, Fish
(01:46:44) Sources of Omega-3s; Vitamin C & Vitamin D
(01:52:37) Tool: Reduce Inflammation; Sugars, Cortisol & Stress
(01:59:12) Food Industry, Big Pharma & Government; Statins
(02:06:55) Public Health Shifts, Rebellion, Sugar Tax, Hidden Sugars
(02:12:58) Real Food Movement, Public School Lunches & Processed Foods
(02:18:25) 3 Fat Types & Metabolic Health; Sugar, Alcohol & Stress
(02:26:40) Artificial & Non-Caloric Sweeteners, Insulin & Weight Gain
(02:34:32) Re-Engineering Ultra-Processed Food
(02:38:45) Sugar & Addiction, Caffeine
(02:45:18) GLP-1, Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Tirzepatide), Risks; Big Pharma
(02:57:390 Obesity & Sugar Addiction; Brain Re-Mapping, Insulin & Leptin Resistance
(03:03:31) Fructose & Addiction, Personal Responsibility & Tobacco
(03:07:27) Food Choices: Fruit, Rice, Tomato Sauce, Bread, Meats, Fermented Foods
(03:12:54) Intermittent Fasting, Diet Soda, Food Combinations, Fiber, Food Labels
(03:19:14) Improving Health, Advocacy, School Lunches, Hidden Sugars
(03:26:55) Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Reviews, YouTube Feedback, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter
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