That Triathlon Show

Øyvind Sandbakk, PhD, is a professor at the Norwegian University for Science and Technology and director for its Centre for Elite Sports Research. He is also the editor-in-chief for the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. In this interview we discuss a few general science and coaching topics, but mostly we dive deep into a recent review paper on the training characteristics of world class distance runners.  IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Going beyond just the published literature when gathering data on results-proven practice of world class distance runners for this review -Training periodisation and racing schedules -Training volume, intensity, and types of workouts  -Altitude training and tapering strategies  -The importance of the "art of coaching"  SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts363/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a unique Dryland Swim Trainer that allows you to improve technique, power, and swim training consistency. With the trainer you can do specific power and technique work, including working on your catch and core activation, and it helps you stay consistent even if you don’t have much time to train. Get the special Zen8 x TTS bundle including the Swim Trainer and a number of ZEN8 training plans and on-demand workouts on zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Øyvind's Twitter and Research Gate profiles The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice - Haugen et al. 2022 RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Nicki Winfield Almquist, PhD, is a post-doctoral researcher at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. In this interview, we discuss a recent study comparing the effects of 12 weeks of block periodisation with "best practice" cyclic, progressive traditional periodisation, as well as the general consensus on different periodisation patterns.  IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Defining block periodisation and cyclic, progressive traditional periodisation -Previous evidence showing some benefits of using a block periodisation approach vs. traditional periodisation -The findings of this new, more methodologically solid comparison of block and traditional periodisation -Block periodisation as a tool in the toolbox -Conclusions on the science and practice of periodisation patterns SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts362/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ROKA - Exceptional quality triathlon wetsuits, trisuits, swimskins, goggles, performance sunglasses as well as prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses.  Online vision test for prescription updates and home try-on options available for eyeglasses. Ships from the US, UK and EU. Trusted by world-leading athletes such as  Lucy Charles-Barclay, Javier Gómez Noya, Flora Duffy, Morgan Pearson, Summer Rappaport and others in triathlon, cycling, speed skating, and many more. Visit roka.com/tts for 20% off your order. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Nicki's Twitter, Instagram and Research Gate Including sprint training in cycling – training responses and peformance improvements with Nicki Winfield Almquist, PhD | EP#300 No Differences Between 12 Weeks of Block-vs. Traditional-Periodized Training in Performance Adaptations in Trained Cyclists - Winfield Almquist et al. 2022 Block periodization of endurance training – a systematic review and meta-analysis - Mølmen et al. 2019 Block vs. Traditional Periodization of HIT: Two Different Paths to Success for the World’s Best Cross-Country Skier - Solli et al. 2019 RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Andrew Sellars, team director of Balance Point Racing, discusses respiratory training, physiological systems in training, and respiratory adaptations. The podcast covers topics like structural vs. functional adaptations, triathlon coaching techniques, testing protocols, respiratory limitations, and optimizing CO2 levels for athletic performance.

Paulo Sousa is the coach behind one of the longest-standing and most successful international squads on the short-course triathlon circuit. Seven of his athletes qualified for the Tokyo Olympics. In addition to short-course specialists like Taylor Spivey and Summer Rappaport, he also coaches middle-distance specialists Paula Findlay and Eric Lagerstrom. In this episode we discuss the squad, the short-course triathlon scene, and get to hear Paulo's thoughts on training and coaching. IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -How does his squad operate, who are the current members, and where do they base themselves for training camps?  -How the athletes train and recover between races -Differences between a private squad like Paulo's and federation-led squads -Paulo's perspectives on training, including the importance of not putting yourself in a box -The basis of the swim, bike and run program of the squad -Coaching Eric Lagerstron and Paula Findlay who are not training for short-course racing and are not members of the squad SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts360/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a unique Dryland Swim Trainer that allows you to improve technique, power, and swim training consistency. With the trainer you can do specific power and technique work, including working on your catch and core activation, and it helps you stay consistent even if you don’t have much time to train. Get the special Zen8 x TTS bundle including the Swim Trainer and a number of ZEN8 training plans and on-demand workouts on zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Paulo's Twitter and Instagram High-performance coaching with elite coach Paulo Sousa | EP#26 Video with Eric Lagerstrom, Paula Findlay and Paulo Sousa Real Coaching podcast with Joel Filliol and Paulo Sousa RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

This is a conversation between Mikael Eriksson and Kolie Moore (of Empirical Cycling) that originally aired on Kolie's Empirical Cycling Podcast. IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Self-doubt in coaching and the coaching mindset -Behind the scenes of That Triathlon Show (the why behind it, guests that excited Mikael the most, how he prepares for his episodes, and more) -The risk of bias and creating echo chambers in coaching and in podcasting  -The coach-athlete relationship -How Mikael approaches evolving and improving his coaching -Managing the training load and managing intensity in triathlon -Thoughts on reverse periodisation -Training monitoring and prescription -Assorted thoughts on the professional scene in short-course and long-course triathlon -Assorted listener questions SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts359/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ROKA - Exceptional quality triathlon wetsuits, trisuits, swimskins, goggles, performance sunglasses as well as prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses.  Online vision test for prescription updates and home try-on options available for eyeglasses. Ships from the US, UK and EU. Trusted by world-leading athletes such as  Lucy Charles-Barclay, Javier Gómez Noya, Flora Duffy, Morgan Pearson, Summer Rappaport and others in triathlon, cycling, speed skating, and many more. Visit roka.com/tts for 20% off your order. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Kolie's website and Instagram (Empirical Cycling) Empirical Cycling Podcast Why Facts Don't Change Our Minds - article on The New Yorker referencing very interesting research Ultra Runner vs Iron Man (fun, silly Youtube-video)  Running, Peaking, and Suffering with Olympic gold-medal coach Malcolm Brown | EP#96 World Champions keep things simple: training masterclass with Joel Filliol | EP#172 Dan Lorang – coach of Jan Frodeno, Anne Haug and Bora Hansgrohe pro cycling team | EP#175 How Norway became a triathlon powerhouse with head coach Arild Tveiten | EP#154 Arild Tveiten – coach of Kristian Blummenfelt, Gustav Iden and Casper Stornes on triathlon training the Norwegian way | EP#223 Olympic gold medal training and preparation with Arild Tveiten | EP#304 RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Jem Arnold is a physiotherapist, coach and PhD student. Currently, his main research focus is investigating FLIA: blood flow limitation of the iliac artery, a condition that affects certain athletes even at the very elite level, sometimes with surgery as the end outcome. Jem is also very involved and knowledgeable in using NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) to measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2). We dive deep into how using NIRS and SmO2 can inform workout execution as well as training interventions and athlete profiling.     IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -What is NIRS and what is muscle oxygen saturation?  -The balance of oxygen delivery (to the capillaries surrounding muscle tissue - supply) and extraction (by the muscles from the capillaries - demand) -NIRS testing protocols, and how it relates (and does not relate) to oxygen uptake (VO2) and lactate measurments -Using NIRS to profile athletes  -Using NIRS in high-intensity workouts to optimise interval execution  -Blood flow limitation of the iliac artery (FLIA) - what is it, and what is its prevalence among athletes -Risk factors for FLIA -Current detection and diagnosis methods of FLIA, as well as treatment options -How Jem's research aims to find methods by which FLIA detection can be improved SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts358/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: ROKA - Exceptional quality triathlon wetsuits, trisuits, swimskins, goggles, performance sunglasses as well as prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses.  Online vision test for prescription updates and home try-on options available for eyeglasses. Ships from the US, UK and EU. Trusted by world-leading athletes such as  Lucy Charles-Barclay, Javier Gómez Noya, Flora Duffy, Morgan Pearson, Summer Rappaport and others in triathlon, cycling, speed skating, and many more. Visit roka.com/tts for 20% off your order. ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a unique swim bench that allows you to improve technique, power, and swim training consistency. With the trainer you can do specific power and technique work, including working on your catch and your core activation, and it makes it easier to stay consistent even when you can't go to the pool. Get the special Zen8 x TTS bundle including the swim bench and a number of Zen8 training plans and on-demand workouts on zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Jem's Twitter, email, and his blog Sparecycles Muscle Oxygen Saturation (SmO2) with Roger Schmitz | EP#85 What types of intervals are most effective? A scientific analysis with Michael Rosenblat | EP#243 Applied triathlon science with Olav Aleksander Bu (Norwegian Triathlon Olympic team) | EP#264 Moxy - well-established NIRS device Train.Red - another NIRS device also used and recommended by Jem Comparing the Respiratory Compensation Point With Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Locomotor and Non-locomotor Muscles Using Wearable NIRS Spectroscopy During Whole-Body Exercise - Yogev et al. 2022 A longitudinal study on the interchangeable use of whole-body and local exercise thresholds in cycling - Caen et al. 2022 Thresholds, Constructs, and Confidence Intervals - blog post by Jem Why is there Two Different Moxy Monitor SmO2 Profiles? w/ Jem Arnold - UTH1 - Upside Strength Podcast Maxima MC self-check questionnaire for FLIA (flow limitation of the iliac artery) Short- and long-term results of operative iliac artery release in endurance athletes - van Hooff et al. 2022 Rejuvenated and recharged: Tayler Wiles eyeing return to the pro peloton after surgery - Velonews article Feature: Arterial disease and cycling - Velonews article Cyclists' Iliac Syndrome - Interest group - Facebook group Cyclist Alliance - List of international vascular specialists with experience in FLIA RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Ben Desbrow, PhD, is a professor at Griffith University (Queensland, Australia) with academic interests in nutrition and dietetics in both athletic and clinical populations. He also has a foot in the applied side of sports nutrition, being an Accredited Practicing Dietitian, working for example with Rugby League team Gold Coast Titans. In this interview, we discuss the science and practice of alcohol in endurance sports.          IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -What is alcohol, and how is it processed and metabolised in the body? -The existing scientific research available on alcohol in an athletic context -The dose makes the poison: a discussion on alcohol dosage  -Alcohol and the 4 R's of recovery: refuelling, rehydration, repair and relax (or rest) -Can you have a small amount of alcohol with no negative consequences?  -The zone of regret (and how to avoid it)  -Alcohol and calories -Practical advice around alcohol consumption and habits SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts357/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a one of a kind swim bench for time-crunched triathletes looking to improve their swim technique, power and propulsion, and consistency of swim training. It is very affordable, about the price of a pair of running shoes, and Zen8 offer free shipping in the US and the UK. Best of all, you can try it risk-free. If you don't love it after two weeks, send it back and get a full refund. Get 20% off your order at zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Ben's Twitter and Research Gate  Glycogen metabolism and optimising glycogen resynthesis with Bob Murray, PhD | EP#252 Heart Rate Variability – New perspectives and insights with Marco Altini, PhD | EP#325 Ultramarathon Man: Confessions of an All-Night Runner - book by Dean Karnazes The Billionaire Who Wasn't: How Chuck Feeney Secretly Made and Gave Away a Fortune - book by Conor O'Clery RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Tom Bell is a coach, performance consultant, and elite cyclist based in Yorkshire, United Kingdom. He is the founder of the coaching business High North, that also produces great educational blog posts that go beyond what can be found in the vast majority of media outlets in the endurance sports industry. In this interview we dive deep into Tom's approach to training and coaching, and various bits and pieces on topics of interest.  IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Long-term planning and goal setting -Monitoring training responses -Testing in the field and in the lab -How Tom applies progressive overload in training -Recovery -Indoor vs. outdoor training considerations, as well as considerations for different types of terrain -Low-cadence work on the bike -Strength training for cyclists SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts356/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ROKA - Exceptional quality triathlon wetsuits, trisuits, swimskins, goggles, performance sunglasses as well as prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses.  Online vision test for prescription updates and home try-on options available for eyeglasses. Ships from the US, UK and EU. Trusted by world-leading athletes such as  Lucy Charles-Barclay, Javier Gómez Noya, Flora Duffy, Morgan Pearson, Summer Rappaport and others in triathlon, cycling, speed skating, and many more. Visit roka.com/tts for 20% off your order. LINKS AND RESOURCES: High North website (Tom's coaching business) and Tom's Instagram profile Carbohydrates - science and practice with Tim Podlogar, PhD | EP#354 Effects of polarized, pyramidal, and combined training periodisations with Luca Filipas, PhD | EP#328 The menstrual cycle and oral contraception – impact on exercise performance with Kelly McNulty | EP#280 Scientific Training for Endurance Athletes with Dr. Philip Skiba | EP#311 Intensity, volume, rest, nutrition, coaching and triathlon myth-busting with Dr. Philip Skiba | EP#173 Daniels' Running Formula - book by Jack Daniles RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Callum Brownstein, PhD, is a lecturer in exercise physiology at Newcastle University. Callum has conducted extensive research in fatigability, and the mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue in (among others) endurance exercise. In this interview, we dive deep into the mechanisms and applications of neuromuscular fatigue in an endurance sports context.  IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -What is fatigue?  -Differentiating between impairments in contractile function ("peripheral fatigue") and voluntary activation ("central fatigue") -How can fatigue and its underlying mechanisms be measured?  -Different fatigue mechanisms in cycling vs. running -Differences in magnitude of fatigue and fatigue mechanisms between the different intensity domains -The impact of exercise duration on fatigue -Practical applications for triathletes and endurance athletes SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts355/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: ROKA - Exceptional quality triathlon wetsuits, trisuits, swimskins, goggles, performance sunglasses as well as prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses.  Online vision test for prescription updates and home try-on options available for eyeglasses. Ships from the US, UK and EU. Trusted by world-leading athletes such as  Lucy Charles-Barclay, Javier Gómez Noya, Flora Duffy, Morgan Pearson, Summer Rappaport and others in triathlon, cycling, speed skating, and many more. Visit roka.com/tts for 20% off your order. ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a one of a kind swim bench for time-crunched triathletes looking to improve their swim technique, power and propulsion, and consistency of swim training. It is very affordable, about the price of a pair of running shoes, and Zen8 offer free shipping in the US and the UK. Best of all, you can try it risk-free. If you don't love it after two weeks, send it back and get a full refund. Get 20% off your order at zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Callum's Twitter and Research Gate Disparate Mechanisms of Fatigability in Response to Prolonged Running versus Cycling of Matched Intensity and Duration - Brownstein et al. 2022 Power Output Manipulation from Below to Above the Gas Exchange Threshold Results in Exacerbated Performance Fatigability - Brownstein et al. 2022 Neuromuscular responses to fatiguing locomotor exercise - Brownstein et al. 2022 Durability in endurance sports with Ed Maunder, PhD and Stephen Seiler, Phd | EP#295 Carbohydrates - science and practice with Tim Podlogar, PhD | EP#354 VLaMax, Polarised training, Fatigue and Complexity with Mark Burnley, PhD | EP#331 Muscle and Exercise Physiology - book by Jerzy Zoladz RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.

Tim Podlogar, PhD, is a Research Fellow at the University of Brimingham, Assistant Professor at the University of Primorska (Slovenia), and nutritionist for the Bora Hansgrohe World Tour cycling team. One of Tim's main areas of expertise is the science and practice of carbohydrates in endurance sports, and this is the topic for today's interview.          IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Carbohydrates before, during, and after competition -When and why to use glucose and fructose -Is 120 g/h carbohydrate feeding superior to the commonly recommended 90 g/h?  -Training in a glycogen-depleted state -Reverse engineering your carbohydrate intake by looking at upcoming workout demands -Continuous blood-glucose monitoring -Training the gut SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts354/ SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/ SPONSORS: Precision Fuel & Hydration - Optimise and individualise your fueling and hydration strategy using their FREE Fuel & Hydration planner. Book a FREE one-on-one consultation to chat with the team and refine your fueling and hydration even further. Listeners of That Triathlon Show get 15% off their first order of fueling and hydration products. If you didn't catch the discount code in the episode, email Andy and the team at hello@pfandh.com and they will be happy to help.  ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a one of a kind swim bench for time-crunched triathletes looking to improve their swim technique, power and propulsion, and consistency of swim training. It is very affordable, about the price of a pair of running shoes, and Zen8 offer free shipping in the US and the UK. Best of all, you can try it risk-free. If you don't love it after two weeks, send it back and get a full refund. Get 20% off your order at zen8swimtrainer.com/tts. LINKS AND RESOURCES: Tim's website, Instagram and Twitter Nutrition at the cycling World Tour level with Robert Gorgos (Bora-Hansgrohe nutritionist) | EP#267 RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports) with Margo Mountjoy | EP#233 The menstrual cycle and oral contraception – impact on exercise performance with Kelly McNulty | EP#280 Carbohydrate intake in racing – a case for going very high with Aitor Viribay Morales (Astana Pro Team) | EP#269 Musculoskeletal adaptations, “train low” strategies, and muscle fiber types with prof. John Hawley | EP#248 High carbohydrate, low carbohydrate, or periodised carbohydrate intake with Louise Burke, PhD | EP#236 High rates of fat oxidation are maintained after the sleep low approach despite delayed carbohydrate feeding during exercise (NB. Delayed feeding in train-low strategies) - Podlogar et al 2021 (full text link) Increased exogenous but unaltered endogenous carbohydrate oxidation with combined fructose-maltodextrin ingested at 120 g h -1 versus 90 g h -1 at different ratios (NB. 90 g/h vs. 120 g/h carbohydrate) - Podlogar et al. 2022 Progressive increase in glucose transport and GLUT-4 in human sarcolemmal vesicles during moderate exercise (NB. GLUT4 needs time to be translocated to the muscle membrane - reason for progressive feeding) - Kristiansen et al. 1997 Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate (NB. No muscle glycogen sparing with CHO but prolonged endurance -> yet blood CHO source then rescues low muscle glycogen levels -> so 120 might be better than 90 if being able to oxidise it) - Coyle et al. 1986 Glucose Plus Fructose Ingestion for Post-Exercise Recovery-Greater than the Sum of Its Parts? (NB. Why fructose?) - Gonzalez et al. 2017 Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes - a systematic review and meta-analysis (NB. review of CHO restriction) - Gejl & Nybo 2021 Effect of Carbohydrate Content in a Pre-event Meal on Endurance Performance-Determining Factors: A Randomized Controlled Crossover-Trial (NB. Blood glucose rises similarly as lactate on a graded test) - Aandahl et al. 2021 "Addition of fructose to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast improves cycling endurance capacity in trained cyclists" (NB. Breakfast study) - Podlogar et al. Will be published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance - Book by Scott Powers et al.  RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/ CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.