JAMA Clinical Reviews

Dr. Maria Papaleontiou, an Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Michigan specializing in hypothyroidism research, joins to illuminate this complex condition. She discusses the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypothyroidism, emphasizing geographic and demographic influences. The conversation highlights critical symptoms like fatigue and cognitive challenges, plus the severe consequences of untreated cases, including heart failure. Dr. Papaleontiou also stresses personalized treatment approaches and the importance of monitoring treatment to avoid complications.

In this engaging discussion, Alexander Chern, a neurotology fellow at Johns Hopkins, dives into the exciting world of over-the-counter hearing aid-enabled earbuds. He explains how these innovative devices, like Apple's AirPods Pro 2, merge hearing health with consumer technology. Chern highlights the potential for increased accessibility, while addressing the challenges of stigma linked to hearing aids. Listeners will learn about home testing methods for hearing assessments, making hearing health more approachable and affordable for everyone.

John Kirkwood, Co-director of the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program at the University of Pittsburgh, joins Kristin Walter to discuss cutaneous melanoma. They cover the alarming rise in incidence and highlight risk factors like UV exposure and atypical moles. Screening guidelines are clarified, stressing the need for annual exams. Kirkwood also delves into advancements in treatment, including immunotherapy, which has notably improved patient survival rates. Tune in for crucial insights into prevention and management strategies!

Join Jean H. Ashburn, an associate professor of surgery at Wake Forest University, as she dives into the often-taboo subject of hemorrhoidal disease. Discover the stark differences between normal hemorrhoids and pathological conditions, affecting around 10 million people in the U.S. Ashburn also tackles the various risk factors, particularly in pregnant women, and discusses common misconceptions that leave many in discomfort. Explore diagnostic processes and treatment options, emphasizing the importance of individualized care and understanding.

Thomas L. Holland, an infectious disease specialist and professor at Duke University, discusses the innovative treatment of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia using Dalbavancin. He shares insights from the groundbreaking DOTS trial, which compares this long-acting antibiotic to traditional IV therapies, highlighting its potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. The conversation also addresses challenges in treatment, particularly for vulnerable populations, and the urgency of developing safer options for this serious infection.

In this discussion, Minh N. Pham, an Assistant Professor of Urology at the University of North Carolina and author of a JAMA Review, dives deep into prostatitis, affecting about 9.3% of men. He explores both acute and chronic forms, emphasizing symptoms, risk factors, and important diagnostic methods. Pham highlights the complexities of managing chronic prostatitis, especially chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and addresses the controversies around antibiotic overuse in non-bacterial cases. Listeners gain insight into effective treatment strategies and the importance of accurate diagnosis.

In this discussion, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, a leading expert in geroscience from Wake Forest University, delves into the biology of aging. He explores the promising strategies for lifespan extension, including caloric restriction and the mTOR pathway. The conversation also highlights the crucial distinction between chronologic and biologic age, along with innovative anti-aging treatments like metformin. Kritchevsky emphasizes the importance of translating animal research to human health, revealing exciting prospects for improving our healthspan.

In this engaging discussion, obesity expert Robert Kushner, a Professor at Northwestern University, delves into the challenges of managing adverse effects of obesity medications like semaglutide and tirzepatide. He explores gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea, offering practical strategies for dietary management. Kushner also emphasizes the importance of addressing hydration and dosage adjustments, while highlighting how resistance training and high-protein diets can protect muscle health during treatment. A must-listen for anyone navigating the world of obesity therapies!

David M. Kent, a Professor of Medicine and Neurology at Tufts University, dives into the intriguing world of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and its link to cryptogenic strokes. He discusses how to determine if a PFO is the culprit behind a stroke and the potential benefits of closure to prevent recurrences. The conversation also highlights the anatomical challenges of detecting PFOs and the advanced imaging techniques essential for accurate diagnosis. Kent emphasizes the collaborative role of neurologists and cardiologists in managing stroke risk factors related to PFO.

Dr. Anthony Charles is a Professor of Surgery and Chief of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery at the University of Vermont. He discusses the alarming rise of diverticulitis cases, especially in younger populations. Key insights include the impact of dietary choices on the condition and the essential diagnostic tools like CT scans. The conversation highlights the tailored approach to treatment, potential complications, and the timing for follow-up colonoscopies. Charles emphasizes the need for urgent responses to complications to ensure better patient outcomes.