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Motor Exam Techniques
- Observe the patient for atrophy and fasciculations before strength testing.
- Palpate muscles for tone and bulk, and rate strength on a 0-5 scale.
UMN vs. LMN Signs
- Upper motor neuron lesions cause hypertonicity, hyperreflexia, and minimal atrophy.
- Lower motor neuron lesions cause hypotonia, hyporeflexia, atrophy, and fasciculations.
Brain/Cortex Weakness Causes
- Brain/cortex disorders causing weakness include stroke, MS, tumors, seizures, and infections.
- Consider these diagnoses when weakness presents with other neurological symptoms.