Dreams, nightmares and sleepwalking: What can happen while we sleep, with Antonio Zadra, PhD
Dec 18, 2024
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Antonio Zadra, PhD, is a professor of psychology at the University of Montreal and a researcher in sleep medicine, specializing in dreams and nightmares. He discusses why some people remember dreams while others do not and explores the therapeutic value of dreams in understanding emotional conflicts. Zadra delves into treatments for recurring nightmares, particularly for those with PTSD, and examines the fascinating realms of lucid dreaming and sleepwalking. He also touches on the intriguing concept of dream hacking, raising ethical questions about manipulating dreams.
The ability to remember dreams varies, with many who claim to not dream recalling vivid dreams when awakened during REM sleep.
Nightmares affect a significant portion of adults, but effective treatments like imagery rehearsal therapy can significantly improve sleep quality and well-being.
Deep dives
Understanding Dream Recall
Most people dream, but the ability to remember those dreams varies significantly. Research shows that even individuals who claim they do not dream often recall vivid dreams when awakened during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, where most dreaming occurs. About 80% of those who believe they do not dream report recalling details when prompted at the right sleep stages. Additionally, memories of dreams tend to fade rapidly unless consciously retained, such as by journaling or sharing them, suggesting that the act of remembering dreams may not be a natural outcome of the dreaming process.
The Functions of Dreams
The purpose of dreaming remains a complex question, with many theories but limited empirical evidence supporting any single idea. Dreams may serve various functions, such as emotional regulation, problem solving, or reflecting waking life concerns. Patterns in dream content can reveal underlying emotions or conflicts, making dreams a valuable tool for therapists exploring their clients' mental states. Exploring these patterns can help individuals understand their emotional responses or preoccupations better, especially in contexts like grief or stress.
Nightmare Prevalence and Research
Nightmares are common, affecting about 5% to 8% of adults as a recurrent issue, while approximately 85% of people experience them occasionally. Research indicates that around 3% of home-reported dreams are classified as nightmares, with about 10% being negative but not as intensely frightening. Studying nightmares can be challenging, as they often occur during REM sleep, but both laboratory and home studies provide valuable insights into their frequency and triggers. Self-reports of nightmare experiences allow researchers to observe correlations with stressors and emotional states in individuals' waking lives.
Treating Nightmares Effectively
Effective treatments exist for individuals suffering from frequent nightmares, particularly those related to PTSD or other stressors. Imagery rehearsal therapy, which involves reimagining a nightmare to change its outcome, has proven highly effective, with approximately 75-85% of participants reporting significant improvement. Additionally, pharmacological options like prazosin are available for severe cases, particularly among those with PTSD, by addressing neurotransmitter imbalances thought to contribute to nightmare occurrences. These treatments can enhance sleep quality and overall well-being, often allowing individuals to engage in further therapeutic exploration if desired.
Our dreams can be exhilarating, surprising, terrifying, even mundane. But where do they come from and what, if anything, do they mean? Dream researcher Antonio Zadra, PhD, talks about why some people remember their dreams vividly while others don’t remember them at all; whether exploring dreams can offer insight into our waking lives; why nightmares happen and effective treatments for problematic recurring nightmares; understanding lucid dreaming and sleepwalking; and more.