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History of Electronic Trading
- Electronic trading has existed since the late 60s.
 - However, regulations initially favored human interaction, delaying widespread electronic adoption.
 
Exchange Ecosystem
- Exchanges are central marketplaces for trading securities, where participants advertise prices and transact.
 - Various entities interact with exchanges, including clearing firms, other exchanges, and market data providers.
 
Early Exchange Challenges
- Early exchange systems like Island faced fairness challenges when multiple clients shared a machine.
 - Serial message sending and connection order manipulation created inefficiencies and unfair advantages.
 


