Copulas can arise from different sources and retain traces of their original meanings or constraints on their usage, allowing for a wide range of possibilities in conlangs.
The subject marking of copulas can vary across languages, with some marking the subject as the agent, and strict word order in copula constructions.
Copulas can become affixes in some languages, with different functions and placement depending on word order constraints, allowing for creative development in conlangs.
Deep dives
The historical development of copulas
Copulas can arise from different sources such as verbs of posture, verbs like 'to live' or 'to dwell', and even pronouns and demonstratives. As these words transition into copulas, they may retain traces of their original meanings or constraints on their usage. This historical process, known as grammaticalization, allows for a wide range of possibilities when creating conlangs.
Alignment and copulas
In most languages, the copula subject is marked the same way as the subject of an intransitive verb. However, in some languages like Anu, the copula subject is marked as the agent. Additionally, the word order in copula constructions tends to be strict, with the copula falling in the subject or agent position and the copula complement in the object position. There can also be variations in how the copula complement is marked, depending on factors such as the sad-star distinction.
Affixes and copulas
In some languages, copulas can become affixes that attach to nouns or other words within a clause. These affixes can have different functions and placement depending on the word order constraints of the language. Some highly commonly used verbs may lose their own accent and become copula affixes over time.
Different types of copulas
Copulas can serve various functions, including identity, attribution, possession, location, and more. Some languages may have multiple strategies for indicating copulas, with different copulas used in different environments. It is also possible for copulas to become defective verbs or to show different behavior when negated.
The versatility of copulas
The historical and linguistic variability of copulas allows conlangers to get creative with their own constructed languages. Almost anything can potentially become a copula, and conlangers can explore unique pathways and developments for their copulas, drawing from a wide range of sources and influences.
Today Christophe joins us as we talk all about copulas, or copulae, however you want to talk about them. Special mention: Intro video for Britton’s new film Conlanging Top of Show Greeting: Dutch (submitted anonymously) Links and Resources: Curnow, T. J. (1999). Towards a Cross-linguistic Typology of Copula Constructions. Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of... Read more »
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