Telling people not to do something can actually increase the likelihood of them doing it due to reactants, which can be harnessed for marketing and behavior change.
People value control and autonomy, and giving them the freedom to choose increases compliance and willingness to participate, while a lack of control can have negative psychological impacts.
Deep dives
Reactants: The Phenomenon of Doing the Opposite
When people are told not to do something, they are more likely to do it due to reactants. Research shows that telling participants not to think about white bears actually makes them think about them more. This phenomenon extends beyond simple thoughts and can also influence behavior. For example, a dating app called Bumble increased downloads by telling people not to download it. Similarly, government ads that ask people to 'stop graffiti' actually lead to more graffiti. Reactants occur when people's sense of control and freedom is threatened, causing them to push back and do the opposite of what is asked.
The Power of Choice and Control
People value control and autonomy, and when these feelings are restricted, reactants can occur. Studies show that giving people the freedom to choose increases compliance and willingness to participate. Emphasizing that people are free to refuse a request can significantly increase compliance rates. Additionally, research demonstrates that a lack of control in situations such as forced abortions or decisions about medical treatments can have negative psychological impacts. By recognizing the importance of choice and control, marketers and policymakers can design strategies that avoid reactants and inspire positive behavior change.
Avoiding Reactants in Advertising and Messaging
Reactants can be avoided in advertising and messaging by reframing the message to fit with the existing beliefs and values of the target audience. The 'Don't Mess with Texas' anti-littering campaign is a successful example of this approach. Instead of promoting ecological stewardship, the campaign tapped into Texans' state pride and machismo. By avoiding reactants and aligning with the target audience's worldview, the campaign saw a substantial reduction in littering rates. Offering choice and refraining from authoritative language can also help mitigate reactants and increase compliance.
When Whitney Wolfe launched Bumble she put up official looking signs outside lecture theatres at universities saying “NO ACCESS TO FACEBOOK, TWITTER, TINDER, & BUMBLE INSIDE”. You’d think telling people not to use your app would put potential customers off. But the opposite is true. Bumble quickly grew to become the second biggest online dating site, now worth over $3 billion. In today’s Nudge with Richard Shotton, you’ll hear why that campaign worked so well.