For upper gastrointestinal bleeding, urgent upper endoscopy should be considered based on clinical stability.
For lower gastrointestinal bleeding, urgent colonoscopy is typically warranted, and CT angiography or tagged red cell scans may be considered for unstable patients or those with contraindications to colonoscopy.
Patients with cirrhosis and concerns about varices should receive octreotide and prophylactic antibiotics, while surgical involvement is necessary for ongoing lower GI bleeds with unlocalized bleeding source.
Deep dives
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Management
For patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a thorough history and physical examination are crucial. The decision to perform an urgent upper endoscopy depends on clinical stability. Intravenous proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are recommended to reduce ulcer severity and length of stay. Repeat endoscopy may be considered if there are concerns about malignancy. Timing of endoscopy varies based on clinical presentation.
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Management
For patients presenting with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, determining stability and risk factors is important. Urgent colonoscopy is typically warranted. Preparation should be discussed with the gastroenterologist, considering patient tolerance and potential contraindications. CT angiography or tagged red cell scans may be considered for unstable patients or those with contraindications to colonoscopy. Repeat colonoscopy may not be beneficial for patients with recurrent diverticular bleeds.
Considerations and Risks for Imaging Tests
When deciding between CT angiography and tagged red cell scans, both have benefits and risks. CT angiography provides quick results and better anatomical delineation, but risks include contrast-induced kidney injury. Tagged red cell scans are advantageous for patients with renal insufficiency or concerns about contrast load. Interventional radiology and angiography may be considered if immediate control of bleeding is necessary, but risks of renal insufficiency and ischemia should be taken into account.
Management of Upper GI Bleeds
In patients with cirrhosis who also have concerns about varices, starting octreotide and prophylactic antibiotics is recommended. The use of erythromycin can be beneficial prior to an upper endoscopy as it acts as a pro-motility agent, aiding in stomach clearance for better visualization. Surgeons should be involved in managing patients with ongoing lower GI bleeds that require blood transfusions and where the bleeding source cannot be localized.
Anti-Coagulation and Anti-Platelet Therapy Management
The management of anti-coagulation and anti-platelet therapy should be individualized based on the patient's stability and underlying conditions. For patients with lower GI bleeds, holding anti-coagulation and transitioning to a heparin drip is a reasonable approach. Resuming anti-coagulation within four to seven days after the bleed should be considered in patients with no further bleeding. Resumption of anti-platelet therapy should be assessed based on the patient's risk profile and underlying coronary disease.
Handle the gush of upper and lower GI bleeds with ease thanks to Dr. Tanvi Dhere (@DhereMdEmory)! Learn diagnosis, initial management as well as post-procedure management including when to resume anticoagulation and antithrombotic therapy.