Paul Tough, author of How Children Succeed, discusses the importance of conscientiousness and motivation in predicting children's success. They explore the significance of parental attachment, genetics, and the environment. The podcast also explores innovative techniques used in schools and non-profits to inspire young people in distressed neighborhoods. The implications for public policy in fighting poverty are also discussed.
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Quick takeaways
Conscientiousness, self-control, and grit are strong predictors of academic and professional success, surpassing cognitive ability.
Parental attachment, measured through the 'strange situation' test, significantly impacts a child's mental health, happiness, and long-term economic outcomes.
Intrinsic motivation and conscientiousness play a crucial role in achieving long-term success, as external incentives have limited impact on individuals who are already motivated and exhibit self-control.
Deep dives
The Importance of Character in Childhood Success
The speaker emphasizes that cognitive skills and IQ are not the only factors that contribute to a child's success. The book How Children Succeed argues that character strengths such as conscientiousness, self-control, and grit are equally, if not more, predictive of success. The significance of parental attachment and the impact it has on a child's future success is discussed, highlighting the strong relationship between the two. Attachment is measured through a task called the 'strange situation' and it plays a vital role in a child's mental health, happiness, and long-term economic outcomes.
Conscientiousness and its Importance in Life
Conscientiousness is defined as self-control, punctuality, and the ability to delay gratification. It is shown to be highly predictive of positive outcomes in various areas of life such as academic achievement, career success, staying out of jail, and maintaining stable relationships. The grit and persistence associated with conscientiousness are highlighted as fundamental factors in achieving long-term goals and overcoming obstacles. Research shows that conscientiousness has a stronger predictive power compared to cognitive abilities like IQ, especially when it comes to academic performance.
The Influence of Parental Attachment on Child Development
Parental attachment is discussed as a crucial factor in a child's development and future success. A study conducted by psychologists from the University of Minnesota shows a strong connection between early attachment and various long-term outcomes. The researchers measured attachment using the 'strange situation' test, which examines a child's reaction when separated from and reunited with their parent. The study found that secure attachment, where a child embraces and shows happiness upon the parent's return, has positive effects on mental health, happiness, and economic prospects. In contrast, anxiously attached children tend to experience different psychological problems later in life.
Incentives, Motivation, and IQ Scores
The impact of incentives and motivation on children's IQ scores is explored. Research conducted in the 1970s demonstrated that providing school kids with incentives, such as receiving an M&M for each correct answer in an IQ test, resulted in significant score improvements. However, the study also revealed that some kids who were already motivated and conscientious did not experience the same score jump. This highlights the importance of intrinsic motivation and conscientiousness in achieving long-term success, as external incentives have limited impact on individuals who are already motivated and exhibit self-control.
The Role of Teachers and Coaches in Developing Character
The transformative role of teachers and coaches in helping children develop character strengths and grit is emphasized. The example of a chess teacher, renowned for driving her students to improve, is cited. Her teaching style involves providing honest, sometimes tough, and direct feedback to students, highlighting their mistakes and areas for improvement. The teacher's role is portrayed as helping students reflect on their actions and learn from their errors. Additionally, the influence of sports coaches and their ability to motivate individuals, foster self-discipline, and teach important life lessons is recognized.
Paul Tough, author of How Children Succeed, talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about why children succeed and fail in school and beyond school. He argues that conscientiousness--a mixture of self-control and determination--can be a more important measure of academic and professional success than cognitive ability. He also discusses innovative techniques that schools, individuals, and non-profits are using to inspire young people in distressed neighborhoods. The conversation closes with the implications for public policy in fighting poverty.
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