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Marius' Military Reforms
- Gaius Marius reformed the Roman army by arming poor citizens. - He promised land to veterans, securing soldiers’ loyalty and reshaping Rome’s military and social structure.
Rome's Lawless Political Violence
- Rome lacked police and tolerated rampant political violence for centuries. - Political murder became a normalized tool to preserve elite power and control land redistribution.
Augustus’ Militarized Police
- Augustus created the first permanent and militarized police force in Rome. - This force focused on riot control, ending open political violence and making coups nearly impossible.