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Fear appeals are messages designed to motivate individuals to take action by highlighting potential risks and vulnerabilities. Research shows that these messages can effectively change attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, with an average effect size of 0.29 across several studies. The findings indicate that fear appeals work best when coupled with efficacy statements, which reassure the audience that they can take action to mitigate the fear presented. For example, advertising that emphasizes the dangers of smoking should also include information on how to quit smoking to protect one's health.