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Origins And Arrival In England
- Jews arrived in Europe around 1000 and followed major trade routes north from Spain and Italy.
- The Norman Conquest (1066) enabled an organised Jewish community to establish in England.
Protection Was Central To Jewish Survival
- Medieval Jews sought the protection of local lords because they lacked a sovereign homeland.
- They were vulnerable to violence and could not realistically hire mercenaries for protection.
Hardening Of Anti-Jewish Imagery
- Anti-Jewish imagery and polemic grew from about 1000 and hardened in the 12th–13th centuries.
- Stereotypes, the Jewish hat, and accusations like 'Christ-killers' became more widespread over time.