In medicine, failure can be catastrophic. It can also produce discoveries that save millions of lives. Tales from the front line, the lab, and the I.T. department.

RESOURCES:

• Right Kind of Wrong: The Science of Failing Well, by Amy Edmondson (2023).
• "Reconsidering the Application of Systems Thinking in Healthcare: The RaDonda Vaught Case," by Connor Lusk, Elise DeForest, Gabriel Segarra, David M. Neyens, James H. Abernathy III, and Ken Catchpole (British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022).
• "Dispelling the Myth That Organizations Learn From Failure," by Jeffrey Ray (SSRN, 2016).
• "A New, Evidence-Based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated With Hospital Care," by John T. James (Journal of Patient Safety, 2013).
• To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System, by the National Academy of Sciences (1999).
• "Polymers for the Sustained Release of Proteins and Other Macromolecules," by Robert Langer and Judah Folkman (Nature, 1976).

EXTRAS:

• "How to Succeed at Failing," series by Freakonomics Radio (2023).
• "Will a Covid-19 Vaccine Change the Future of Medical Research?" by Freakonomics Radio (2020).
• "Bad Medicine, Part 3: Death by Diagnosis," by Freakonomics Radio (2016).

SOURCES:

• Amy Edmondson, professor of leadership management at Harvard Business School.
• Carole Hemmelgarn, co-founder of Patients for Patient Safety U.S. and director of the Clinical Quality, Safety & Leadership Master’s program at Georgetown University.
• Gary Klein, cognitive psychologist and pioneer in the field of naturalistic decision making.
• Robert Langer, institute professor and head of the Langer Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• John Van Reenen, professor at the London School of Economics.