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Eating frequency does not have unfavorable health outcomes as long as snacks are healthy. Research shows that as long as people snack on healthy foods, there is no difference in weight or cardiovascular health outcomes.
Most snacks are heavily processed and unhealthy, contributing to negative health effects. High-quality snacks, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, have no unfavorable effects on health when snacked on between meals.
Late-night snacking, especially after 9 p.m., is associated with unfavorable impacts on BMI and cardiovascular health. Eating snacks earlier in the day, if they are high quality, has no unfavorable effects.
The snacking habits of individuals can have both short-term and long-term effects on their blood sugar and blood fat levels. Small fluctuations in blood sugar throughout the day, even if they are small, have been linked to unfavorable long-term glucose control, elevated glucose levels, and poorer insulin sensitivity. However, whether big single peaks or multiple small fluctuations are more detrimental to health is still uncertain. Additionally, large peaks in blood glucose levels can lead to increased inflammation compared to smaller fluctuations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining stable blood sugar levels through a well-balanced diet and avoiding excessive snacking.
The timing of meals, particularly breakfast, and the composition of those meals can have an impact on snacking behaviors and overall health. Research suggests that eating breakfast can influence blood sugar response, hunger levels, and subsequent food intake throughout the day. When individuals consume a well-balanced breakfast that includes adequate protein and fiber, they are less likely to experience rapid hunger and the need for snacking. Moreover, allowing for a minimum 12-hour window between overnight meals is crucial for proper rest and repair of the body's cells and gut microbiome. Time-restricted eating and providing the body with a sufficient rest period has been associated with improved metabolic outcomes, better glucose control, and reduced inflammation.
Evidence shows that all over the world, people are snacking more — with the United Kingdom and the United States leading the way in unhealthy snacking habits.
But what exactly counts as a snack? And is all snacking unhealthy?
Snacking can be a confusing and controversial topic. There are various opinions and myths about what's good for you. Many people struggle to make healthy choices, while others may be unaware of the impact of snacking habits on their gut health and overall well-being.
In today’s episode, Jonathan is joined by ZOE regulars and renowned experts Sarah Berry and Tim Spector for an enlightening discussion that will help you snack smarter.
Armed with the latest scientific research, they unravel the complexities of snacking and share evidence-based insights on what's truly beneficial for your body. Along the way, they cover healthy options, snack timing, and what we should all be avoiding.
Download our FREE guide — Top 10 Tips to Live Healthier: https://zoe.com/freeguide
Timecodes:
00:00 Introduction
01:23 Quick Fire Questions
04:03 What is a snack?
04:55 How much energy comes from snacks?
05:40 Cultural differences with snacks
08:33 What happens when we snack?
10:29 Are some healthy looking bars actually bad for us?
12:16 Do ulta-processed snacks make us hungrier?
13:57 What effect do additives and emulsifiers have?
15:04 Results of study on healthy vs unhealthy snacks
15:22 What impact does snacking have on our gut?
18:00 Why could snacking be unhealthy?
18:56 What are the concerns around snacking frequency?
19:50 Does the quality of your snack make a difference?
21:31 Could skipping breakfast be healthy for us?
23:17 Does timing of snacking have any influence on our health?
28:42 How could time-restricted eating benefit us?
32:20 What is the impact of snacking on weight gain?
34:15 What impact does snacking have on blood sugar?
36:25 How people on different routines react to snacking
38:27 What does the recent ZOE research show us on the topics of snacking?
40:16 How bad is late night snacking for our health?
42:19 How should we be snacking?
46:30 How has snacking changed over time?
47:26 Actionable advice on snacking
52:52 How much do your meals impact snacking?
56:50 Summary
59:40 Goodbyes
59:44 Outro
In today’s episode:
Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/meal-patterns-across-ten-european-countries-results-from-the-european-prospective-investigation-into-cancer-and-nutrition-epic-calibration-study/A662BDB7A9AD3631BD6AD98946FE765F#
What is a snack, why do we snack, and how can we choose better snacks? A review of the definitions of snacking, motivations to snack, contributions to dietary intake, and recommendations for improvement https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863261/
Snacking on whole almonds for 6 weeks improves endothelial function and lowers LDL cholesterol but does not affect liver fat and other cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults: The ATTIS study, a randomized controlled trial https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7266688/
Follow ZOE on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/zoe/
Episode transcripts are available here.
Is there a nutrition topic you’d like us to explore? Get in touch and we’ll do our best to cover it.
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