If you're a parent or a teacher, you've probably wondered how to balance play and safety for the kids in your care. You don't want to put children in danger, but you also don't want to rob them of the joy of exploration. This week, we talk with psychologist Peter Gray about how this balance has changed — for parents and children alike — and what we can do about it.For more of our reporting on children and parents, check out these classic Hidden Brain episodes:Kinder-GardeningBringing Up Baby  

Judson Brewer, a psychiatrist at Brown University and expert on cravings and mindfulness, dives into the fascinating science behind our cravings. He shares relatable stories about battling desires and the emotional complexities of eating, illustrating the struggle with the 'craving monster' within us. Brewer emphasizes the importance of curiosity over willpower, exploring how understanding our urges can lead to healthier choices. He also discusses the roles of trauma and emotional triggers, highlighting innovative strategies for managing cravings effectively.

Tom Pearson, an anthropologist and father, shares his heart-wrenching journey after his daughter Michaela was diagnosed with Down syndrome. He delves into the evolving definitions of 'normal,' contrasting past societal views with contemporary insights. Pearson confronts the emotional and societal complexities surrounding disabilities, emphasizing the need for advocacy against outdated stigma. His personal narrative challenges historical perceptions and invites a broader discussion on inclusion, showcasing how individual stories reshape our understanding of disability.

If you've ever taken an economics class, you were probably taught that people are rational. But about 50 years ago, the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky began to chip away at this basic assumption. In doing so, they transformed our understanding of human behavior. This week, we remember Kahneman, who recently died at the age of 90, by revisiting our 2018 and 2021 conversations with him. If you enjoyed this look at the work of Daniel Kahneman, you might also enjoy our conversations about behavioral economics with Kahneman's friend and collaborator Richard Thaler: Misbehaving with Richard Thaler Follow the Anomalies 

Guy Itzchakov, a psychologist from the University of Haifa, dives into the vital skill of listening in conversations. He discusses how poor listening leads to misunderstandings and arguments, often complicating friendships and relationships. Itzchakov emphasizes the transformative power of active listening, illustrating its impact even during disagreements on contentious topics. He shares research findings and practical strategies to enhance listening skills, ensuring deeper connections and improved communication in both personal and professional settings.

Jason Rinka, son of John and Stephanie Rinka, reflects on his mother's final days, offering poignant insights into the complexities of end-of-life decisions. He discusses the evolution of conversations about dying within families, showcasing the emotional challenges and fears that arise. The narrative moves beyond theoretical views of death to reveal the raw, heartfelt discussions about dignity, love, and the urgency of making critical medical choices. Jason's story underscores how initial beliefs can shift dramatically in the face of personal loss.

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt from New York University dives into the rising anxiety and depression among young Americans, linking it to the pervasive impact of social media. He discusses the importance of understanding our moral beliefs and how they shape our perceptions. Haidt also highlights alarming trends in academia regarding free speech and underlines the urgent need for protective measures in children's digital lives. His insights offer a roadmap to improving the mental health of younger generations in today's technology-driven landscape.

Arash Javanbakht, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist specializing in the psychology of fear, dives into the complex and dual nature of fear in this enlightening discussion. He explores how fear can both protect us and hinder personal growth, illustrated through stories of stage fright and childhood anxieties. The conversation highlights the evolutionary roots of fear, its impact on decision-making, and innovative methods like mindfulness and exposure therapy to confront unwarranted fears. Ultimately, Javanbakht emphasizes that embracing fear can lead to resilience and empowerment.

In this engaging discussion, journalist Steve Inskeep delves into Abraham Lincoln's moral dilemmas as a leader during the Civil War. He explores how Lincoln navigated the conflicting values of his time, particularly on slavery, by examining key relationships and experiences that shaped his views. Inskeep highlights Lincoln's pragmatic approach, demonstrating that moral convictions often required compromise for greater progress. The conversation emphasizes the importance of empathy and dialogue in addressing social issues, making it a captivating reflection on leadership and ethics.

We typically divide the country into two distinct groups: Democrats and Republicans. But what if the real political divide in our country isn’t between “left” and “right”? What if it’s between those who care intensely about politics, and those who don’t? This week, we bring you a favorite 2020 conversation with political scientist Yanna Krupnikov, who offers an alternative way to understand Americans’ political views.For more of our reporting on the intersection between politics and psychology, check out our episode about political hobbyism. You might also like this classic episode about how we come to our political values and beliefs. Thanks for listening!