This Week in Virology

In his weekly clinical update Dr. Griffin discusses the consistency of COVID-19 trial preprints with published reports and impact for decision making, the negative effect of preexisting immunity on Influenza vaccine responses transcends the impact of vaccine formulation type and vaccination history, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks in Spain, Peru confirms H5N1 avian flu in marine mammals, prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodies, bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for prevention of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections in older adults with comorbidities, incidence of chronic spontaneous urticaria following receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine booster in Switzerland, relationship between immune response to SARS-CoV2 vaccines and development of breakthrough infection in solid organ transplant recipients, early treatment with pegylated interferon lambda for COVID-19, and how long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms.  Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Consistency of COVID-19 trial preprints with published reports (BMI) Negative effect of preexisting immunity on Influenza vaccine (JID) Highly pathogenic avian influenza infection in farmed minks (Eurosurveillance) Peru confirms H5N1 avian flu in marine mammals (CIDRAP) Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection (bioRxiv) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for prevention of COVID-19 and respiratory infections (CMI) Incidence of spontaneous Urticaria following COVID-19 vaccine booster (JAMA) Relationship between immune response to SARS-CoV2 vaccines and breakthrough infection in transplant recipients (CID) Early treatment with Pegylated Interferon Lambda for COVID-19 (NEJM) Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats Long COVID patients (Frontiers) Contribute to our ASTMH fundraiser at PWB Dr. Griffin’s treatment guide (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 982 Don’t crush Paxlovid (pdf) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV explains the recent meeting of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) where stricter guidelines for research involving human, animal, and plant pathogens were considered, and how the consumption of viruses by small protists returns energy to food chains. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode •Research assistant position at FDA (pdf) •Register for ASV 2023 •MicrobeTV Discord Server •NSABB proposed oversight framework (pdf) •Stricter US guidelines for research (Nature) •Information on NSABB (NIH) •Consumption of viruses by protists (PNAS) •Letters read on TWiV 981 •Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Jazz Project: Trombone: Steve Turre/Conrad Herwig; Steve Turre; Curtis Fuller; J.J. Johnson and Kai Winding. Steve Turre: Signature album: Sanctified Shells. Signature song: Sanctified Shells. Conrad Herwig. Signature album: A Jones For Bones Tones. Signature song: Slide’s Routine; Curtis Fuller: Signature album: BLUES ette. Signature song: Bluesette. J.J. Johnson (with Kai Winding). Signature album: The Great Kai and J.J. : Signature song: Monk’s Blues. Kathy – Measles virus ‘cooperates’ with itself to cause fatal encephalitis. Primary research article: Shirogane et al. Rich – Firm hatches plan to bring back dodo (Colossal Biosciences – Dodo) Alan – Mt. Washington Observatory webcam Vincent – Ask the Experts Listener Picks Roberto – The Contagion of Liberty: The Politics of Smallpox in the American Revolution Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update Dr. Griffin discusses prevalence and clinical outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza virus in adults hospitalized with acute respiratory Illness, reconsideration of antinucleocapsid IgG antibody as a marker of SARS-CoV-2 infection postvaccination for mild COVID-19 patients, assessment of COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death among children and young people aged 0 to 19 years in the US, information for persons who are immunocompromised regarding prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the context of currently circulating Omicron sublineages, association of culturable-virus detection and household transmission of SARS-CoV-2,  effectiveness of bivalent boosters against severe Omicron infection, Covid vaccines and playing the long game, efficacy and safety of antimicrobial stewardship prospective audit and feedback in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and severe fatigue and persistent symptoms at three months following SARS-CoV-2 Infections during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron time periods. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Prevalence and clinical outcomes of RSV vs influenza in adults (CID) Reconsideration of antinucleocapsid IgG antibody as a marker of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OFID) Assessment of COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death among children and young people (JAMA) Information for persons who are immunocompromised regarding prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection (CDC) Association of culturable-virus detection and household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (JID) Effectiveness of bivalent boosters against severe Omicron infection (NEJM) Covid vaccines and playing the long game (NEJM) Efficacy and safety of antimicrobial stewardship prospective audit and feedback in COVID-19 patients (The Lancet)  Severe fatigue and persistent symptoms at three months following SARS-CoV-2 Infection (CID) Contribute to our ASTMH fundraiser at PWB Dr. Griffin’s treatment guide (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 980 Don’t crush Paxlovid (pdf) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Paul Offit returns to TWiV to unpack the recent FDA Advisory Panel on COVID vaccines, with discussions on giving everyone the same bivalent vaccine, simplifying the immunization schedule, and how to know when the vaccine should be updated. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Rich Condit Guest: Paul Offit Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode FDA briefing document (pdf) Effectiveness of bivalent booster against severe infection (NEJM) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV gives an update on poliovirus in wastewater, and reveals a vast world of viroids that infect a wide range of host species in diverse ecosystems. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode •Research assistant position at FDA (pdf) •Register for ASV 2023 •MicrobeTV Discord Server •Nick Muzyczka passes •CDC planning wastewater testing for polio (CDC) •Wastewater testing for poliovirus (MMWR) •NY state poliovirus wastewater surveillance (NYSDOH) •CDC wastewater poliovirus surveillance in select communities (CDC) •Vast world of viroid-like RNAs (Cell) •Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Kathy – 3B new Milky Way objects, Green comet Rich – Virology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse Alan – Indie story-driven games series #3: Valiant Hearts: The Great War Vincent – Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting January 26, 2023 – pdf Listener Picks Florencia – An elegant way to stop deadly Hendra virus spillovers from bats to horses … to us (Nature article) Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update Dr. Griffin discusses co-detections of other respiratory viruses among children hospitalized with COVID-19, preprint review should form part of PhD programs and postdoc training, early and increased Influenza activity among children, COVID-19 vaccines versus pediatric hospitalization, SARS-CoV-2 variant-related abnormalities detected by prenatal MRI, protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the Omicron variant and severe disease, protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease, persistent COVID-19 Symptoms at 6 months after onset and the role of vaccination before or after SARS-COV-2 infection, effect of Dexamethasone use on viral clearance among patients with COVID-19, and the impact of vaccination on post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Codetections of other respiratory viruses among children with COVID-19 (Pediatrics)  Preprint review should form part of PhD programmes and postdoc training (Nature) Early and increased Influenza activity among children (CDC) COVID-19 vaccines versus pediatric hospitalization (Cell)  SARS-CoV-2 variant abnormalities detected by prenatal MRI (The Lancet)  Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity (The Lancet)  Persistent COVID-19 symptoms at 6 months and role of vaccination (JAMA) Effects of Dexamethasone use among patients with COVID-19 (IJID) Impact of vaccination on sequelae of SARS CoV-2 in patients with rheumatic diseases (BMJ) Contribute to our MicrobeTV fundraiser at PWB Dr. Griffin’s treatment guide (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 978 Don’t crush Paxlovid (pdf) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV covers a study of SARS-CoV-2 persistence at multiple sites in the human body, and the role of endogenous retroviruses in ageing and senescence. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Brianne Barker, and Angela Mingarelli Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode •Research assistant position at FDA (pdf) •Register for ASV 2023 •MicrobeTV Discord Server •Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 (Nature) •Endogenous retroviruses and senescence (Cell) •Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Baritone Saxophone: Gerry Mulligan. No one else comes close Signature song: Bernie’s Tune Angela – World’s Longest Animal Brianne – Green Comet to Pass By Earth for first time in 50,000 years Alan – Indie games series: Golf Club Wasteland Vincent – Bivalent Covid-19 Vaccines — A Cautionary Tale Listener Picks Lisa – The River and the Wall Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update Dr. Griffin discusses China reporting almost 60,000 Covid-related deaths after abrupt shift in policy, detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG in human milk and breastfeeding infant stool 6 months after maternal COVID-19 vaccination, effect of Fluvoxamine vs placebo on time to sustained recovery in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19, hyperimmune globulin for severely immunocompromised patients hospitalized with COVID-19, long COVID outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations, a systematic review of trials currently investigating therapeutic modalities for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and registered on World Health Organization international clinical trials platform, and the effect of using a structured pacing protocol on post-exertional symptom exacerbation and health status in a longitudinal cohort with the post-COVID-19 syndrome. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode China records almost 60,000 COVID-related deaths (SCMP) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG in human milk and breastfeeding infant stool (Nature) Effect of Fluvoxamine vs placebo in outpatients with COVID-19 (JAMA) Hyperimmune Globulin for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 (JID) Long COVID outcomes at one year after mild infection (BMJ)  Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations for Long COVID (Nature) Review of trials investigating therapeutic modalities for post-acute COVID-19 (CMI) Effect of using a structured pacing protocol (JMV) Contribute to our MicrobeTV fundraiser at PWB Dr. Griffin’s treatment guide (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 976 Don’t crush Paxlovid (pdf) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Daniela joins TWiV to discuss her career and her research on T cells, their role in infection with SARS-CoV-2, T cell epitopes and why a variant that evades T cell immunity is not likely to emerge. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker Guest: Daniela Weiskopf Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode •Research assistant position at FDA (pdf) •Register for ASV 2023 •Cross reactive T cells to SARS-CoV-2 (Science) •SARS-CoV-2 exposure history and T cell response (Cell Rep Med) •Spike T cells cross- recognize Omicron (Nature) •Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 T cells recognize Omicron (Nature) •NVX-CoV2373 induces T cell responses (J Clin Inves) •Letters read on TWiV 975 •Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – Video of viral attachment (based on this article) Alan – Starting a series of innovative indie video games. First up: The Longing. Vincent – The Amy Papers and Calendar for live events Listener Picks Judy – Innate immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2 Charles – Who’s Talking to Chris Wallace? Season 1, epitope 30: Dr. Anthony Fauci on HBO Max Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update Dr. Griffin discusses poliovirus returns to New York wastewater, COVID-19 is more widespread in animals than we thought, increasing ventilation reduces SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in schools, the use of carbon dioxide monitoring to assess ventilation at a national infectious diseases conference, effectiveness of the bivalent mRNA vaccine in preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes, 7-month duration of SARS-CoV-2 mucosal immunoglobulin-A responses and protection, and long COVID outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 more widespread in animals than thought (Nat Geo) Increasing ventilation reduces airborne transmission in schools (Frontiers) Carbon dioxide monitoring to assess ventilation at a NID conference (CID) Paxlovid patient eligbiliity screening checklist (FDA) Effectiveness of bivalent mRNA vaccine in preventing severe COVID-19 (Lancet) Duration of SARS-CoV-2 mucosal immunoglobulin-A responses and protection (Lancet) Long COVID outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection (BMJ) Contribute to our MicrobeTV fundraiser at PWB Dr. Griffin’s treatment guide (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 974 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv