Dive into the fascinating tensions between Galileo and the Church during his trial by the Inquisition. Discover how his heliocentric views challenged deeply rooted beliefs, sparking a cultural clash of science and faith. Explore his groundbreaking theories on tides and how they revolutionized the understanding of natural phenomena. Delve into Galileo's lasting legacy and the transformative impact he had on early modern philosophy, paving the way for thinkers like Descartes and Spinoza.

Discover the complex legacy of Robert Bellarmine, a key figure in the Counter-Reformation, and his controversial role in the Galileo affair. Dive into his influential political thought, exploring how he navigated the tension between secular authority and spiritual power. Unpack his perspectives on the legitimacy of government and the Pope's authority, while examining the clash between faith and reason in the context of censorship. This journey reveals the intricate connections between theology, politics, and the pursuit of intellectual freedom.

Discover how oral traditions intertwine with philosophical thought, challenging the dominance of written culture. Explore Carlo Ginzburg's study of Menocchio, a 16th-century miller, whose radical beliefs questioned established Church doctrines. The discussion highlights the significance of marginalized voices in shaping philosophical discourse, linking individual stories to broader historical narratives. This journey through outsider philosophy invites you to rethink the foundations of knowledge and belief in a captivatingly unconventional context.

Explore the revolutionary ideas of two remarkable women philosophers from the late sixteenth century. Discover how Oliva Sabuco challenged traditional views on medicine with her groundbreaking treatise. Dive into the intellectual contributions of both Sabuco and Camilla Erculiani, who navigated a male-dominated landscape to share their innovative theories. This discussion highlights their struggles for recognition and the rich intersection of philosophy and science in their works.

Discover why critics hail Don Quixote as the first modern novel. Delve into the transformative madness of the protagonist and its impact on literary structure. Explore the blurred lines between perception and reality, and how chivalry and class dynamics shape the narrative. Unpack Cervantes' take on economic theory through perceived versus intrinsic value, revealing how belief plays a crucial role in the worth of fiction. This journey highlights the profound emotional resonance that drives the story's characters and their societal implications.

Tom Pink, a philosophy professor at King's College London and an expert on Francisco Suárez, dives into the intricate ethical theories of the 16th-century Spanish Jesuit. They explore Suárez's nuanced views on moral action, highlighting how reason and freedom shape our decisions. Pink discusses the complex relationship between divine authority and moral obligation, alongside the balance of civil and religious duties. The conversation also contrasts Suárez's political philosophy with that of Hobbes, shedding light on their differing perspectives on authority and freedom.

Explore the intriguing thoughts of Iberian scholastics like Suárez on the foundations of political power and its legitimate exercise. Discover how concepts of ownership and social contracts evolved from family structures to broader political communities. Delve into the religious dynamics of the 16th century, examining the debates on governance between Protestant and Catholic ideologies. Learn how these philosophical discussions paved the way for future human rights discourse, linking personal relationships to larger societal frameworks.

Vitoria, a pioneer of natural law, Molina, a significant contributor to its discourse, and Suárez, an influential philosopher, delve into the evolution of natural law's relevance today. They explore the tension between personal morality and legal obligations through modern dilemmas. The conversation spans the impact of economic policies on morality, the complexities of pricing in transactions, and the interplay between human and natural law. These Scholastic thinkers tackle ethics surrounding international law and historical injustices, revealing the enduring significance of their ideas.

Francisco Suárez, a key philosopher bridging scholasticism and early modern thought, dives into the intricacies of metaphysics. He explores the profound themes of existence and non-existence, delving into 'beings of reason'. The discussion navigates the relationship between abstract concepts and causation, shedding light on how earlier philosophical traditions shape these ideas. Suárez's insights reveal how metaphysics evolves, reflecting a critical transition in philosophical thought.

Luis de Molina, a key figure in 17th-century philosophy, is spotlighted for his controversial doctrine of 'middle knowledge,' which addresses the tension between human free will and divine foreknowledge. The discussion reveals how Molina’s ideas challenged traditional views and sparked fierce debates among Catholic thinkers. The conflict between Molina and his Dominican counterpart, Báñez, highlights the theological rift over free will and grace, echoing through centuries of discussion on moral responsibility and agency.