Dive into the thrilling saga of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer whose voyages reshaped global trade. Discover the backdrop of 15th century Europe, filled with ambition and crusading zeal. Uncover the challenges and triumphs of navigating treacherous waters to forge crucial trade routes to India. Hear about the cultural and economic transformations sparked by maritime exploration, and the fierce encounters with local populations that marked this pivotal moment in history.

Matt Lewis, host of 'Gone Medieval' and presenter of a documentary on Richard III, dives deep into the harrowing realities of medieval crusades. He discusses the logistical nightmares faced by crusaders, from perilous journeys to deadly battles. Survival was a constant struggle, with only 15-20% reaching Jerusalem. Lewis also highlights personal stories of key figures like Eleanor of Aquitaine and the impact on relationships. The grueling experience of the crusades reveals the high human cost behind these Church-sanctioned expeditions.

In this engaging discussion, Simon Elliott, a renowned expert in Roman military history, delves into one of Rome's most devastating defeats in 9 AD. He shares gripping details about Arminius and the ambush of Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest. Elliott uncovers how this catastrophic loss reshaped Roman military strategies and ambitions in Germania. The psychological impact on Roman soldiers and the strategic failures that led to chaos are vividly explored, offering listeners a deep understanding of an event that left a significant mark on the Roman psyche.

John C. McManus, a Professor of US Military History and author of 'Alamo in the Ardennes', shares fascinating insights into the Battle of the Bulge. He discusses the desperate German offensive in winter 1944 and the bravery of American troops that turned the tide of the war. The conversation highlights the human cost, intelligence failures, and strategic dynamics at play. McManus recounts gripping tales from the beleaguered town of Bastogne, showcasing the iconic 'Nuts!' response and the resilience that ultimately sealed Nazi Germany's fate.

Adrian Tinniswood, a historian and expert on the Great Fire of London, joins the discussion to unravel the catastrophic events of September 1666. He delves into the fire's origins in a bakery, the chaos and panic that ensued, and the gripping personal narratives, including those of Samuel Pepys. Tinniswood contrasts the Duke of York's heroic actions with King Charles II's indifference. The aftermath saw not just destruction but scapegoating of foreigners, highlighting societal tensions of the time. The conversation underscores the profound legacy of this disaster in reshaping London's future.

In a fascinating discussion, Professor Mark David Baer, a leading expert on Ottoman history from the London School of Economics, dives into the dramatic fall of Constantinople in 1453. He highlights how Mehmed II's long-held dream culminated in the end of the Eastern Roman Empire. The podcast also explores the transformative changes post-conquest, including surprising policies of inclusivity and infrastructural growth. Baer reveals the psychological turmoil faced by defenders, underscoring the event's profound historical impact on Europe and Asia.

Jonathan Harris, a Professor of the History of Byzantium at Royal Holloway and author of 'Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium', takes us on a journey through Istanbul's fascinating history. He discusses its origins as Byzantium, the strategic significance that made it a thriving center of trade and culture, and the pivotal moment when Constantine founded Constantinople. Harris delves into the city's resilience during sieges, its wealth from trade, and how the Ottoman conquest transformed it into a modern metropolis, highlighting the enduring impact of its rich legacy.

Join London-born tour guide David Charnick as he reveals the hidden streets of Dickensian London. Discover the old debtor's prison that haunted Dickens' youth, the eerie influences behind Ebenezer Scrooge, and the ghostly settings of A Christmas Carol. Charnick sheds light on Dickens' childhood struggles with debt and how they shaped his characters. The conversation reveals the harsh realities of Victorian life, from despair to redemption, wrapped in a warm, festive atmosphere.

Join local historian Richard Reeves, specializing in the New Forest, and folklore expert Vikki Bramshaw, author of 'New Forest Folklore, Traditions and Charms', as they explore England's winter folk traditions. They dive into the dark origins of Christmas customs, from the Yule log to sinister divination practices. Discover how medieval communities survived harsh winters and the unique traditions, like fortune-telling chestnuts, that shaped today's celebrations. Unravel the intriguing tales of the Hooden Horse and the captivating landscape of the New Forest.

Marie Favereau, an Associate Professor of History at Paris Nanterre University, dives into the profound legacy of the Mongol Empire. She unpacks how the Mongols shaped global development, akin to Rome, and facilitated a vibrant entrepreneurial boom across Eurasia. The conversation reveals the complexity of Mongol governance, their innovative military strategies, and the cultural exchanges they fostered. Favereau also discusses the misconceptions around nomadic societies, highlighting the Mongols' dual role as conquerors and effective city builders.