Once a political heavyweight with dreams of a new Roman Empire, Mussolini's journey from a rebellious socialist youth to the fascist leader of Italy is a story of ego, brutality and ultimately incompetence. In this third instalment of The Leaders series, Dan is joined again by Professor Phillips O'Brien, author of 'The Strategists'. They examine Mussolini's rise to power, the catastrophic decisions that led to Italy's devastation during the Second World War and his ultimate downfall.Produced and edited by Dougal Patmore.We'd love to hear your feedback - you can take part in our podcast survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on.You can also email the podcast directly at ds.hh@historyhit.com.

In this engaging discussion, Aaron Sheehan-Dean, a Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University, sheds light on the grim origins of Jim Crow laws. He explains how attempts to create a multiracial democracy post-Civil War unraveled, leading to the systemic disenfranchisement of African Americans. The conversation dives into the paradoxical relationship between technology and oppression, the pivotal Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson, and the intricate social and legal frameworks that enforced racial segregation in the South.

The Great Sphinx of Giza is probably the most recognisable statue in the world but it’s also one of the most mysterious...with conflicting stories about who built it and why have circulated since ancient times. These include tales of what lies inside…To bust some of these myths, we're sharing this episode of Echoes of History, the podcast that delves into the history behind the Assassin's Creed games. In this episode, Egyptologist Dr Chris Naunton joins host Matt Lewis to explain everything you’ve always wanted to know about the mysteries of the Sphinx…Echoes of History is a History Hit podcast available on all podcast players.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe.We'd love to hear your feedback - you can take part in our podcast survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on.You can also email the podcast directly at ds.hh@historyhit.com.

Join Professor Phillips O'Brien, an expert in military strategy from the University of St Andrews, as he delves into Churchill's complex legacy. O'Brien discusses Churchill's evolution from a ridiculed outsider to a powerful wartime leader, highlighting key moments like his stirring speeches and strategic decisions. The conversation navigates his duality as a leader, controversial military tactics, and the crucial diplomatic correspondence with Roosevelt. The exploration reveals both his remarkable achievements and the shadows of his controversial past.

John C. McManus, a military history professor and author, delves into the incredible moment when American forces captured the intact Ludendorff Bridge during World War II. He describes the fierce battles faced by troops and the strategic significance of the bridge in hastening the fall of Nazi Germany. Listeners will be captivated by the challenges of combat, the bravery of soldiers like Lieutenant Timmerman, and the chaotic conditions that defined the final stages of the war. Personal stories of those impacted add depth to this gripping historical narrative.

Join Professor Phillips O'Brien, a leading expert in military strategy and author of 'The Strategists', as he dives into the complexities of Adolf Hitler’s decisions during WWII. Discover how Hitler's hubris influenced critical moments like the invasions of Poland and the Soviet Union. O'Brien examines the emotional volatility and strategic miscalculations that stemmed from Hitler’s overconfidence, revealing how these choices altered the course of history. This insightful discussion sheds light on the fine line between leadership and catastrophe.

In a riveting discussion, military historian Richard Overy, author of 'Why War?', dives into the complex reasons behind humanity's enduring tendency to engage in warfare. He traces the origins of organized violence back to prehistoric times, revealing how resource acquisition and societal factors have fueled conflicts throughout history. Overy highlights modern resource wars and their implications, particularly in the context of geopolitical tensions like those in Eastern Ukraine. The conversation also addresses the psychological motivations of leaders and the persistent nature of war across time.

The podcast delves into the fascinating and often troubling decisions made by key leaders during World War II. It examines the actions of figures like Hitler, Churchill, and Roosevelt, and how their choices shaped history. The discussion highlights pivotal moments, such as the invasion of Russia and attempts to preserve empires. With insights from a strategic studies expert, listeners are invited to reflect on how these leaders influenced the course of humanity and the heavy costs of their decisions.

Kate Williams, a historian and biographer of Mary, Queen of Scots, dives deep into the dramatic life of this iconic figure. She discusses Mary's rise to power at just six days old and her tumultuous reign marked by political intrigue and personal betrayals. The conversation also touches on her controversial marriages, the intense rivalry with Elizabeth I, and the heartbreaking circumstances surrounding her execution. Williams highlights how Mary's legacy continues to resonate through history, leaving an indelible mark on her descendants and the monarchy.

Kate Lister, a sex historian and the host of the Betwixt the Sheets podcast, dives into the wild history of Soho, once a nexus of crime, sex work, and revolution. She reveals the dynamic nightlife of the 1920s, where speakeasies thrived and female gangs took charge of nightclubs. The conversation touches on Soho's crucial role in the rise of jazz and the evolving attitudes towards sexuality. Kate also explores the cultural shifts post-World War I and the neighborhood's transformation from a bohemian hub to its current gentrified state.