How do you talk about a product before anything like it exists? How do you guide the engineers building it and the marketing department who has to sell it? As co-creator of the iPod and iPhone, founder of the learning thermostat Nest, and with over 300 patents to his name, Tony Fadell is a serial entrepreneur who now focuses on investing. He tells Azeem Azhar how he uses opinion-based decision-making in his work, and why thinking like a product manager helps drive radical innovation. They also discuss: What a “parent CEO” is and why they are crucial to an innovating company. How focusing on profits and loss (“P&L”) can stifle innovation in large companies. Why no one has been able to design the perfect TV remote. Why Tony believes the metaverse, as a social experience, is doomed to fail. @azeem @exponentialview @tfadell Further resources: General Magic (Documentary Film 2018)

Carbon recycling takes our polluting carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and, with the help of bacteria, turns them into ethanol. This can replace oil as the basis for carbon-based chemicals industries (e.g., fertilizers, plastics, clothing, health and beauty products, etc.), as well as offering sustainable fuel and animal feed. Jennifer Holmgren, CEO of LanzaTech, joins Azeem Azhar to share her vision of the future where greenhouse gases provide a core contribution to our sustainable life. Jennifer and Azeem dig deep into the science of fermentation and how to manage, at scale, the bacteria that are at the heart of their process. They also discuss: How regulators can help innovate in climate tech. Creating sustainable aviation fuels. How carbon recycling could empower local communities. @azeem @exponentialview @TodaDogs Further resources: Hydrogen’s Role in Decarbonization (Exponential View Podcast, 2022) Venture Capital and Deep Decarbonization (Exponential View Podcast, 2022) Phenomenal News from ClimateTech Unicorn, LanzaTech (Forbes, 2022)

Quantitative hedge funds (or “quant funds”), which rely on the work of employed mathematicians to develop complex trading strategies, are nothing new. But what if the mathematical work is outsourced to anyone, via a contest where the best predictions are rewarded with cryptocurrency? Richard Craib, founder of Numerai, explains to Azeem Azhar why his $70 million fund uses collective intelligence to perform well, despite the turmoil in the markets. They also discuss: The history and theory of quantitative investing. When collective minds can work better than brilliant individuals. How Richard found himself accidentally explaining how “quant funds” work to Howard Morgan, the co-founder of one of the most successful “quant funds” in the world. @azeem @exponentialview @richardcraib   Further resources: Money in the Metaverse (Exponential View Podcast 2022) Superminds Bridging the Innovation Chasm (Exponential View, 2022) Alien Stock Market Intelligence (Richard Craib, 2022)

Hydrogen has long been hyped as a fuel of the future. It’s abundant and its waste product is water. But it’s only recently that the availability of cheap renewable energy has allowed hydrogen to be produced competitively without the use of fossil fuels. Azeem Azhar speaks with Raffi Garabedian, co-founder and CEO of Electric Hydrogen, to explore the market opportunity and roadmap to wide adoption of “green hydrogen.” They also discuss: What the hydrogen industry can learn from scaling renewables like solar and wind. Why hydrogen will be most effective in helping to decarbonize heavy industries. The potential of using hydrogen to store and transport huge amounts of renewable energy between continents. @azeem @exponentialview @garabedian Further resources: Venture Capital and Deep Decarbonisation with Shayle Kann (Exponential View Podcast 2022) Could Europe replace Russian gas with green hydrogen? Let’s look at the numbers (Recharge 2022) The Future of Hydrogen (International Energy Agency 2020)

Volocopter’s CEO Florian Reuter joins Azeem Azhar to explore how this radical new transport could transform our cities. They also break down the steps required to fulfill Volocopter’s vision of creating a door-to-door taxi service to rival Uber, via autonomous electric helicopter. In addition, they discuss: Why Volocopter expects to have their service running in Paris in two years. How data have led them to conclude that the optimum taxi capacity is two people. Why they’re opting to build and operate both their vehicles and the necessary infrastructure. @Azeem @exponentialview @volocopter Further resources: Micromobility Will Change Our Cities (Exponential View Podcast with Horace Dediu, 2022) The Future of the Car (Exponential View Podcast with Ford’s Hau Thai-Tang, 2021) Bubbles, Golden Ages and Tech Revolutions (Exponential View Podcast with Carlota Perez, 2019)

Web3’s ability to attach value and incentives to almost every part of human activity has radical implications not only for how businesses engage with their customers, but also for how people can self-organize to drive social change. Web3 investor and analyst Packy McCormick makes the case, in conversation with Azeem Azhar, that an optimistic outlook rooted in market-dynamics can enable new sustainable businesses that operate for the public good. They also discuss: Why framing human behavior in terms of a game helps explain why crypto has seen such explosive growth. Why blockchain allows us to imagine new systems of governance that can empower novel organizations. How early we are in the blockchain revolution. @Azeem @exponentialview @packyM @notboringco Further resources: Gaming’s Web3 Future (Exponential View Podcast, 2022) Money in the Metaverse (Exponential View Podcast, 2022) Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid (The Atlantic, 2022) Primer: Ambitious Homes for Ambitious Kids (Not Boring, 2022)

What is the metaverse, how will we use it and why might the financial innovations of Web3 and blockchain technology be crucial to its success? Citi’s Ronit Ghose, one of the world’s foremost analysts of technology’s influence on financial innovation, returns to the podcast to discuss how money will function in the metaverse with Azeem Azhar. Ghose argues that we shouldn’t think of the metaverse as replacing our real world with a virtual world, but instead imagine how real and virtual experiences could be combined to create an entirely new experience that will touch every aspect of our lives – from commerce to health, industry, and education. They also discuss: The importance of differentiating between the centralized and decentralized metaverse to understand how the experience could be widely adopted. What “Web 2.5” is and why it might allow centralized gatekeepers of the metaverse (e.g., Meta, Apple, Tencent, etc.) to offer the benefits of blockchain technologies without a befuddling user experience. Why corporate excitement remains, even as consumer interest in the metaverse has waned. @Azeem @exponentialview @RonitA380 Further resources: Metaverse and Money: Decrypting the Future (Citi Global Perspective & Solutions, 2022) Crypto and the Future of Money (Exponential View Podcast with Do Kwon, 2022) Bubbles, Golden Ages & Tech Revolutions (Exponential View Podcast with Carlota Perez, 2019)

Venture capitalists offer their investors outsized financial returns in exchange for taking on considerable risk. But what if that risk includes backing products where the economics of the end market aren’t clear? Moreover, what if the companies being supported have the non-financial goal of tackling climate change? As more money than ever pours into climate tech, Azeem Azhar speaks with Shayle Kann, a partner at Energy Impact Partners, about the challenges of investing in the net zero economy and why his framing of the problem as “deep decarbonization” may offer a way forward. They also discuss: Five challenges and opportunities facing “deep decarbonization.” To what extent net zero electricity is the solution to climate change. What metrics VCs should consider when investing in climate tech. @Azeem @exponentialview @shaylekann Further resources: Five Frontier Challenges to Deep Decarbonization (Climate Tech VC, 2022) Decarbonization by the Numbers (Exponential View Podcast, 2021) Why Energy Storage is the Future of the Grid (Exponential View Podcast, 2021)

Today’s cancer therapies are difficult, expensive, and slow to create. But the combination of new computing and new biological technologies is leading to a better understanding of the human immune system, with the goal of offering a better class of cancer therapies. Azeem Azhar speaks with Immunai co-founder and chief technology officer Luis Voloch about how AI is unlocking the secrets of the immune system and opening new avenues for novel cancer treatments. They also discuss: Why Luis and his co-founder, two machine learning engineers, decided to start a bio startup. How Immunai uses single-cell genomics to map out the immune system. The trajectory of Immunai’s experiments from the lab to the patient. @Azeem @exponentialview @Immunaitech Further resources: Scaling Synthetic Biology (with Gingko’s Reshma Shetty), Exponential View Podcast, 2022 The Future of Healthcare: Personalization and AI (with ZOE’s Jonathan Wolf), Exponential View Podcast, 2022

Meeting rising energy requirements in a safe and climate-friendly way is one of the key challenges humanity needs to solve. Danish start-up Seaborg Technologies has a blueprint for the future of power that uses a new type of nuclear reactor that is safe, can be manufactured quickly, and deployed on barges to any location worldwide. Seaborg CEO Troels Schönfeldt talks to Azeem Azhar about how the future of power stations could be sailing to your town soon. They also discuss: How the anti-nuclear movement influenced their thinking about the future of energy. What it takes to create and scale safe nuclear power. The learning rates that are driving the optimization of new energy systems. @Azeem @exponentialview @SeaborgTech Further resources: Nuclear Fusion’s Time is Coming, Exponential View Podcast, 2022 Why Energy Storage is the Future of the Grid, Exponential View Podcast, 2022