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Resistance to Reform
- The French monarchy attempted reforms in the 1770s and 1780s.
- These reforms faced resistance from groups benefiting from the existing system.
Enlightened Absolutism
- Enlightened absolutism describes monarchs educated in modern ideas who used their power to implement reforms.
- Philosophers like Voltaire supported this concept, believing a strong monarchy was necessary for progress.
Enlightened Monarchs
- Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II are examples of enlightened monarchs.
- They modernized their kingdoms, promoted arts and sciences, and reformed legal and economic systems.