The science behind the FDA ban on food dye Red No. 3
Feb 3, 2025
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Maria Godoy, a senior editor and correspondent with the NPR Science Desk, discusses the FDA's recent ban on the food dye Red No. 3, which has been linked to cancer in rats and behavioral issues in children. Godoy explains the historical use of the dye and the implications of the Delaney Clause. The conversation highlights the urgent need for safer food dyes, especially considering Red No. 3's presence in over 3,000 products. Parents are encouraged to be mindful of these additives while striving for healthy eating habits for their children.
The FDA's ban on Red No. 3 highlights its association with cancer risks and reflects growing concerns over food additive safety.
Concerns about other synthetic dyes like Red 40 point to behavioral issues in children, prompting advocacy for stricter regulations and alternatives.
Deep dives
FDA's Ban on Red Dye Number Three
The Food and Drug Administration has announced the ban on red dye number three, citing its link to cancer in lab rats. This dye, a petroleum-based compound used in thousands of food products, has been under scrutiny since a petition was filed in 2002. Despite its widespread use and prior FDA claims of safety in low amounts, other countries had already imposed restrictions or bans on the substance. The ban reflects a response to the Delaney Clause, which prohibits food additives found to cause cancer from being authorized for use.
Concerns About Other Synthetic Dyes
In addition to red dye number three, there is growing concern over other synthetic food dyes like Red 40, which have been linked to behavioral issues such as hyperactivity in children. Studies indicate that a significant portion of children may exhibit increased symptoms of inattention and irritability associated with the consumption of these dyes. Advocacy groups are pushing for warning labels and further FDA action regarding these other dyes to protect children's health. Furthermore, research suggests that low-income communities are disproportionately affected due to a higher prevalence of synthetic dyes in cheaper, ultra-processed foods.
Transition and Alternatives to Synthetic Dyes
Manufacturers have until January 2027 to phase out red dye number three, but many may reformulate their products sooner in response to ongoing scrutiny. Some companies are replacing red dye number three with Red 40, which still poses behavioral concerns. Natural alternatives, such as colors derived from fruits and vegetables like turmeric and beetroot, are being explored for use in food products. As parents navigate these changes, it is advised to focus on providing plant-based foods while being aware of ingredient labels to limit exposure to synthetic dyes.
Last month, the Food and Drug Administration announced it is banning Red No. 3, a food dye additive in processed foods like sodas, sweets and snacks. Recently, it and other dyes were linked to negative behavioral issues in children, and decades ago, high levels of Red No. 3 were linked to cancer in rats. This episode, NPR science podcast Short Wave explains what we know about Red No. 3's harmful health effects and the other dyes that may replace it.