Dr. Susan K. Brown, a pomologist and geneticist, discusses the fascinating world of apples, including apple picking tips, genetic mash-ups, DNA trivia, and the process of breeding and marketing new apple varieties. The podcast also explores the groundbreaking work of Dr. Barbara McClintock in discovering transposons, the origin of Granny Smith apples, challenges in apple breeding, the flavor of black licorice, growing apples in a backyard orchard, and common misconceptions about apples.
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Quick takeaways
Apple breeding involves collaboration with experts from various fields to create new varieties with desirable traits.
Apple harvesting is primarily done by hand, but efforts are being made to develop technology for automated picking.
Climate change poses a significant threat to apple crops, and it's crucial to develop strategies to mitigate its impact.
Apples exhibit a diverse range of genetic variations, and researchers are still working to fully understand the genetic puzzle.
Deep dives
Genetic diversity and complexity of apple breeding
Apple breeding involves a lot of genetic diversity, with thousands of different genes and various traits being considered. Breeders aim to create new varieties that have desirable qualities like taste, appearance, and size. It is a complex process that requires collaboration with other experts in fields like plant pathology, entomology, and post-harvest physiology.
The challenges of apple harvesting and the need for labor
Apple harvesting is largely done by hand, which poses challenges due to labor availability. The younger generation is less inclined to pursue apple picking as a profession. Efforts are being made to develop technology and machinery for automated picking, but human hands remain highly effective for the task.
The impact of climate change on apple crops
Climate change is a major threat to apple crops and varieties. The changing climate can lead to more extreme weather conditions, which can affect apple production. It's crucial for researchers and scientists to tackle climate change and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on apple cultivation.
Exploring apple rusting and oxidation
Apple rust is a disease that causes orange circles on the leaves and is associated with cedars. Apple browning, on the other hand, is a result of oxidation when the flesh is cut. However, apple rust and oxidation are different phenomena. Additionally, genetic research on russeting (rough-textured skin) in apples is being conducted, as it has desirable textural properties.
The Complexity of Genetic Variation in Apples
Apples exhibit a diverse range of genetic variations, with different combinations of genes found in various locations and chromosomes. However, even with advanced technology, the genetic puzzle is still not fully understood. QTL studies have revealed that a marker associated with a specific trait may only explain a small portion of the variation, leaving researchers searching for more information. Molecular markers are used to fine-tune traits, such as determining compatibility between apple varieties. However, many desired traits, like yield and flavor, are complex and challenging to pinpoint due to factors like human perception. The pursuit of traits like firmness remains ongoing, using methods like measuring the sound of apple crunching as an indicator.
Challenges in Apple Growing and Orchard Management
Growing apple trees in backyard orchards can be rewarding but also demanding. Factors like adequate sunlight, protection from deer, and necessary tools like ladders and sprays need to be considered. Spraying is essential to control pests and diseases like apple maggots and apple scab. Fallen apples should not be consumed or used in products due to potential fungal contamination and E. coli risks. Storing apples in the refrigerator helps extend their shelf life, and it is advisable not to store them near onions or carrots. Supporting local farmers and exploring different apple varieties are encouraged.
Apples and Health Benefits
Apples offer several health benefits due to their unique compounds, including dihydrochalkones that aid in glucose metabolism. Studies suggest that apple consumption may lead to lower LDL cholesterol levels, reduced reliance on prescription medications, and potential positive effects on preventing diabetes. However, the saying 'an apple a day keeps the doctor away' should not be taken too literally, as the benefits of apples are part of a balanced diet. Additionally, caution should be exercised with eating apple seeds, as they contain compounds that can metabolize into substances similar to cyanide. However, consuming a few seeds accidentally is not harmful.
Green, yellow, striped, red, shiny, russet. Tart, sweet, sour, crunchy. Big, small, wild, heirloom, cultivated. How will you like them apples? Very much, once you hear all about the fascinating backstory of how an apple got into your lunch with one of the world’s finest pomologists and geneticists, the incredibly knowledgeable and charming Dr. Susan K. Brown, a professor at Cornell University's AgriTech division. Fill your baskets with apple picking tips, genetic mash ups, taste test requirements, DNA trivia, compost treasures, maggot babies, the animal dung that changed history, how to have your own orchard, the sweet taste of science redemption, the loudest apple crunch on record, and what you’re actually tasting when you enjoy this feat of breeding. You’ll forever appreciate this everyday fruit.
View Dr. Susan K. Brown’s publications on ResearchGate
