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Sodium Retention Paradox
- In HFpEF, the cause of sodium retention is unclear, unlike HFrEF, where it's linked to reduced cardiac output.
- This key difference makes understanding sodium retention in HFpEF crucial.
Cardiac Output Reserve
- While HFpEF patients have normal resting cardiac output, they lack cardiac output reserve during exercise.
- This inability to increase heart rate with exertion may contribute to their condition.
Neurohormonal Activation
- Studies on neurohormonal activation in HFpEF show mixed results, with some showing elevated renin and norepinephrine levels while others don't.
- However, these levels are consistently lower in HFpEF compared to HFrEF.