Platform ecosystems as meta‐organizations with Tobias Kretschmer
Dec 20, 2023
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Tobias Kretschmer, an ISTO professor at LMU Munich School of Management, discusses platform ecosystems as meta‐organizations. They cover topics such as the role of platform orchestrators, regulatory responses to platform problems, characteristics of platforms as meta-organizations, differences between traditional firms and platforms, the use of notifications and incentives, and the importance of critical mass and killer apps in platform ecosystems.
Platforms are unique meta-organizations that rely on complimentors to create substantial value.
Balancing the production of first-party complements with third-party complementors is crucial for a platform's long-term success.
Deep dives
Platform Research and Passion
Tobias Kretzmann, a professor of management and head of the Institute for Strategy, Technology, and Organization at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, shares his journey into researching platforms. He explains that his interest began in the late 90s when he focused on network effects, but he initially viewed platforms as nothing more than combinations of goods with network effects. Over time, he realized that platforms are unique meta-organizations with independent actors called complimentors who contribute significant value. Platforms need to attract and engage these complimentors, which differentiates them from traditional hierarchies and markets.
Defining a Platform as a Meta-Organization
Tobias Kretzmann defines platforms as meta-organizations that are less formal and hierarchical than firms but more closely coupled than traditional markets. He highlights that platforms have an actor managing a set of independent actors, the complimentors, who create a substantial part of the platform's value. Without the complimentors, the platform would have no value. This unique characteristic sets platforms apart from hierarchies and markets. Tobias further emphasizes that platforms need to excel at attracting participants and creating value for all stakeholders, requiring a balance between quantity and quality of engagement.
Managing First-Party Complements and Market Building
The discussion shifts to the role of first-party complements and how platforms manage them. Tobias Kretzmann highlights the complexity of balancing the production of first-party complements while still fostering a healthy ecosystem of third-party complimentors. He explains that platforms initially use first-party complements to build the market, attracting users and establishing popularity. However, over time, platforms require third-party complimentors to bring diversity and prevent overcrowding, leading to the platform's decline. This delicate balance between internally produced and externally created complements influences a platform's market power and determines its long-term success.
Resilient Regulation and Power Dynamics
The conversation turns to the topic of regulation in the platform ecosystem. Tobias Kretzmann discusses two potential regulatory approaches: one that focuses on specific rules for platforms, and another that seeks to reduce information asymmetries between platforms and complementors. He acknowledges the challenges of regulation, highlighting the need for resilient regulation that addresses economic incentives while also allowing for flexibility and adaptation. Additionally, the power dynamics within the platform ecosystem are examined, with the observation that power can shift over time between platforms, complementors, and even consumers. The role of regulation and its potential impact on innovation and competition is a topic of great interest and ongoing research.
Implications for platform strategies, implementation, and research
Tobias' bio: Tobias Kretschmer is a Strategy, Technology, and Organization (ISTO) professor at LMU Munich School of Management. He holds a PhD in Economics from London Business School and an MSc in Strategy from the University of St. Gallen. Before joining LMU Munich, he held full-time positions at the London School of Economics and INSEAD. He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research in London and a Research Professor at Ifo Institute in Munich. His work focuses on strategy and organization design in technology-intensive industries, especially platform markets and information and communication technologies. His work appeared in American Economic Review, Management Science, Information Systems Research, Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science. He is an associate editor at Strategic Management Journal and the International Journal of Industrial Organization.