Freakonomics Radio

268. Bad Medicine, Part 1: The Story of 98.6

Dec 1, 2016
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ANECDOTE

How 98.6°F Became Medical Lore

  • Philip Mackowiak borrowed Carl Wunderlich's original thermometer and tested it himself.
  • He found Wunderlich's device read about 2°C higher and used armpit readings, explaining why 98.6°F stuck as 'normal.'
INSIGHT

Normal Temperature Is Variable

  • Mackowiak's study found only 8% of oral temps equaled 98.6°F, with average nearer 98.2°F.
  • Body temperature varies by person, time of day, and menstrual cycle, so one 'normal' number is misleading.
INSIGHT

Medicine Evolved By Trial and Error

  • Anupam Jena summarizes medical history as 'trial and error.'
  • Many past practices (bloodletting, lobotomies, mercury) arose from plausible theories but lacked good evidence.
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