Controlling the future: Inside China’s surveillance state
Nov 28, 2022
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Josh Chin and Liza Lin, Wall Street Journal reporters and authors of *Surveillance State*, join Aynne Kokas, a digital sovereignty expert from the University of Virginia. They delve into China's ambitious data control efforts, highlighting the role of American tech firms in aiding these strategies. The discussion examines the consequences of biodata collection, especially in Xinjiang, and the rampant surveillance techniques accelerated by COVID-19. The podcast also contrasts China's smart city initiatives with the regulatory challenges faced by Western democracies in managing surveillance and AI.
China's shift towards a surveillance state leverages advanced technologies like AI and facial recognition to enhance social control.
American technology firms have contributed significantly to China's surveillance infrastructure, complicating accountability for potential human rights violations.
Deep dives
Data Control and Sovereignty
China is establishing a comprehensive framework for data control and digital sovereignty, a concept well articulated through various laws and policies. The country has an advantage over others, like Russia or Iran, as it possesses a wide array of globally adopted apps and platforms that facilitate its expansive vision for data governance. This enhances China's capacity to surveil and harvest data from both its citizens and international users. Such developments indicate a deliberate strategy aimed at leveraging technological innovations for societal control and governance efforts.
The Evolution of Surveillance Technology
China officially became a surveillance state around 2017, a shift catalyzed by advances in technology and the actions of local authorities, particularly in regions like Xinjiang. The rapid improvement in online surveillance capabilities stemmed from breakthroughs in deep learning and algorithm training, primarily aided by the use of advanced graphic processing units (GPUs). Consequently, technologies such as facial recognition and real-time data processing have significantly enhanced the efficacy of China's surveillance mechanisms. The transition from the rudimentary Great Firewall to sophisticated monitoring systems illustrates the exponential growth in surveillance capabilities.
The Role of U.S. Companies in Chinese Surveillance
American technology firms have played a pivotal role in the development of China's surveillance infrastructure, reminiscent of historical precedents of complicity in human rights violations. From the early 2000s, major U.S. companies provided foundational technologies and systems that allowed China to construct its digital surveillance apparatus. This collaboration has created a complex supply chain that complicates accountability, enabling these firms to maintain plausible deniability about their involvement in oppressive practices. As Chinese authorities enhanced their surveillance strategies, Western companies increasingly positioned themselves as key enablers of this technology.
Biometric Data and Global Implications
China is aggressively collecting biodata not only from its own citizens but also through international partnerships, resulting in implications for global privacy standards. The establishment of a national genomic database facilitates the collection of biometrics for purposes such as precision medicine and population control. However, the global reach of this data extraction raises concerns, as exemplified by legal loopholes that allow foreign health data to be processed in China without robust safeguards. This maneuvering underscores the necessity for rigid regulatory frameworks to manage the international flow of biometric and personal data amidst rising geopolitical tensions.
“Controlling data means controlling the future.” Those are not George Orwell's words, but instead were uttered in 2015 by Jack Ma, founder of tech company Alibaba. Though Ma has since been brought to heel by the Chinese state, the CCP is constantly expanding the way it harnesses data to bolster its techno-authoritarian rule. Chinese companies now lead the world in AI and facial recognition technology, though they are helped by surprising allies in corporate America. To find out how Xi Jinping’s project to command the future is panning out, we’re joined by Josh Chin and Liza Lin from the Wall Street Journal, authors of Surveillance State: Inside China’s Quest to Launch a New Era of Social Control and Aynne Kokas, the CK Yen Professor at the University of Virginia and the author of Trafficking Data: How China is Winning the Battle for Digital Sovereignty.
Image: Two security cameras pointing in opposite directions, c/- of Victor on Unsplash.