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Phrenology's False Scientific Claims
- Phrenology claimed personality and heritage could be read by feeling skull bumps but was pure nonsense.
- It intertwined deeply with racism, influencing scientific and social thought on race for centuries.
Aristotle: Early Scientific Racism
- Aristotle laid a foundation for scientific racism by classifying people hierarchically.
- He argued some humans were naturally born to rule while others to be slaves, justifying slavery as right and necessary.
Gall's Leap to Phrenology
- Franz Joseph Gall introduced cranioscopy, claiming brain organs relate to personality traits.
- He misused this to link skull shape to character, pioneering phrenology despite lack of scientific basis.