#229 - Nature Wants Us to Be Fat | Dr. Casey Means & Dr. Richard Johnson - (Replay)
Sep 7, 2023
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Dr. Casey Means and Dr. Richard Johnson discuss the survival switch that drives our body to store fat, the impact of sugar on metabolic syndrome, fructose's depletion of energy, the protective role of vitamin C against obesity, and how salt can trigger fructose production.
The survival switch, triggered by factors like fruit availability and dehydration, can lead to excessive fat storage and metabolic syndrome in the modern world with abundant access to food.
The metabolic pathways of fructose in the liver result in a drop in cellular energy, production of uric acid, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose uptake by muscles.
Natural whole fruits, with their protective mechanisms like fiber and vitamin C, mitigate the negative effects of fructose metabolism, while excessive intake of liquid fructose can overwhelm the system.
Deep dives
The Survival Switch and its Role in Obesity and Metabolic Disease
The podcast episode discusses the concept of the survival switch, a biologic mechanism that drives fat storage and plays a role in obesity and metabolic diseases. The survival switch is a natural response in animals, triggered by factors like fruit availability and dehydration, to allow for fat storage as a survival mechanism during times of scarcity. However, in the modern world with abundant access to food, this switch can be overactivated by consuming high amounts of fructose, which leads to excessive fat storage, insulin resistance, and other features of metabolic syndrome. The episode highlights the distinction between fructose from whole fruits, which is generally well-tolerated by the body, and fructose from processed sources like sugary drinks, which can overwhelm the system and lead to negative health outcomes.
Fructose Metabolism and its Impact on Insulin Resistance
The podcast delves into the metabolic pathways of fructose and its role in insulin resistance. When fructose is metabolized in the liver, it results in a drop in cellular energy and the production of uric acid. This depletion of energy triggers a signaling response in the body that promotes hunger, foraging behavior, and fat storage. The production of uric acid and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by fructose metabolism contribute to insulin resistance, which impairs glucose uptake by the muscles and elevates blood glucose levels. The episode acknowledges ongoing research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms behind fructose-induced insulin resistance.
Contextualizing Fruit Consumption and Managing Fructose Intake
The podcast provides clarification on the role of fructose in health by discussing the contextual factors and recommending strategies for managing fructose intake. Natural whole fruits, despite containing fructose, generally have protective mechanisms like fiber, vitamin C, and other compounds that mitigate the negative effects of fructose metabolism. Eating a moderate amount of natural fruit, along with a well-rounded diet and good mitochondrial function, is unlikely to activate the survival switch. On the other hand, excessive intake of liquid fructose, such as from sugar-sweetened beverages, can overwhelm the system due to the concentrated amount and absence of fiber. The episode also advises caution with certain fruits that may have higher glucose levels. Overall, understanding the cellular biology of fructose metabolism helps inform sensible dietary choices regarding fructose consumption.
The Survival Switch and Molecular Hijacking
Animals have a natural survival switch that is activated in response to high fructose intake. This switch causes insulin resistance, fat storage, and a decrease in mitochondrial function. The process involves the production of uric acid and oxidative stress in the mitochondria. Vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant, can counter some of the effects of fructose and uric acid. However, humans lost the ability to produce vitamin C after a mutation, making them more susceptible to obesity. Increased salt intake can also activate the survival switch by elevating salt concentrations in the blood. Drinking water can help neutralize the effect of salt and reduce obesity. The survival switch is a complex pathway that can be influenced by factors like glucose spikes, salt intake, and hydration levels.
The Role of Exercise and Mitochondria in Weight Loss
Long-term obesity reduces the number of mitochondria in the body, leading to fatigue and weight loss resistance. However, regular exercise, specifically in Zone 2 intensity, can help rejuvenate mitochondria. Zone 2 exercise is moderate enough to allow conversation but slightly challenging. Walking or cycling for at least 45 minutes triggers the growth of mitochondria. This type of exercise is effective in restoring youth and facilitating weight loss. Additionally, the book emphasizes that the recommended interventions, including diet, exercise, and hydration, are practical and achievable for everyone.
Dr. Casey Means, Chief Medical Officer of Levels speaks with Dr. Richard Johnson about his book, "Nature Wants Us to Be Fat," as well as his insights on the "survival switch" that drives our body to store fat in response to certain conditions like high fructose, dehydration, umami flavors, and more, and how this all relates to our current metabolic disease epidemic.
Levels helps you see how food affects your health, empowering you with the tools needed to achieve health goals and improve healthspan. Levels Members gain access to the Levels app and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), providing real-time feedback on how diet and lifestyle choices impact your metabolic health.
Look for new shows every month on A Whole New Level, where we have in-depth conversations with thought leaders about metabolic health.
🎙 WhatDr. Casey Means & Dr. Richard Johnson discuss:
(04:25) - The fat switch
(11:39) - Metabolic syndrome is linked to survival
(13:36) - The switch is good for short term survival, bad for long term
(17:40) - Sugar triggers the switch
(19:39) - Sugar leads to metabolic syndrome, not extra calories
(23:40) - Fructose depletes energy
(31:28) - Vitamin C is protective against obesity
(35:12) - High glycemic foods help our bodies make fructose
(44:29) - Whole fruit is healthy because of the fiber