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Read Anthony For Deeper Context
- Consult David W. Anthony's The Horse, The Wheel, and Language for a balanced, evidence-driven account.
- Use Anthony's archaeological-linguistic synthesis to explore PIE homeland arguments further.
East–West Highways Shaped Migrations
- Eurasian geography channels migrations east–west along the steppe, limiting north–south movement by seas and mountains.
- This long corridor explains how steppe cultures could spread Indo-European languages across Eurasia.
Dating The Proto-Indo-European Period
- Linguistic splits date Proto-Indo-European's end to about 2500 BCE based on earliest attested daughter languages.
- Hittite, Mycenaean Greek and Old Indic evidence point to fragmentation between ~4500–2500 BCE.
