Immune 77: Squeezing the most killing out of neutrophils
Feb 27, 2024
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Exploring how neutrophils combat bacteria by squeezing through endothelial cells, enhancing killing mechanisms without increased phagocytosis. Discussion on cellular force measurement techniques, Knox proteins' impact on ROS production, and the influence of mechanical force on neutrophil movement.
Neutrophils activate bactericidal function by squeezing through endothelial cells via mechanosensing.
Multilobular nuclei help neutrophils squeeze through narrow spaces for transendothelial migration.
Neutrophils utilize phagocytosis, NETs, and ROS production as key antibacterial mechanisms.
Deep dives
Transendothelial Migration Activates Neutrophil Bactericidal Function
Neutrophils need to exit the blood to enter tissues for bacterial-killing. The process of transendothelial migration squishes the neutrophils, activating their antibacterial program, as revealed by a study on the activation of bactericidal function via PZO1 mechanosensing.
Neutrophils have unique multilobular nuclei aiding in transmigration through narrow spaces. The lobular nuclei allow them to squeeze through tightly, supported by examples showing cancer cells adapting their nucleus to pass through restrictive spaces.
Neutrophil Recruitment and Shear Stress in Inflammatory Responses
Inflammatory responses trigger neutrophil recruitment, and shear stress aids in their movement by interacting with endothelial cells. Neutrophils exhibit margin-attracting activity before squeezing through endothelial junctions.
Neutrophil Functions: Phagocytosis, Degranulation, and NETs
Neutrophils engage in phagocytosis, releasing bioactive granules to combat bacteria. They can also form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by spitting out DNA to trap and eliminate microbes, with phagocytosis and ROS production as key antibacterial mechanisms.
The Role of PZO1 and Knox4 in Neutrophil Function
The study highlights the PZO1 calcium channel's role in activating bactericidal function and the upregulation of Knox4, which produces ROS critical for enhancing bacterial killing. Knockouts of PZO1 and Knox4 demonstrate decreased bacterial clearance, emphasizing their importance in neutrophil immune responses.