Elliot Aronson, preeminent psychologist of the 20th century, discusses his pioneering work on making mistakes and cognitive dissonance with Adam Grant. They explore the dangers and upsides of rationalizing beliefs and strategies for making better decisions. They also discuss the practice of inviting TAs as guest lecturers and the lessons in persuasion. The guest shares valuable insights on choosing a life partner and the importance of rationality.
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Quick takeaways
Making mistakes or displaying vulnerability can make a person more likable and relatable, known as the Pratfall Effect.
Understanding cognitive dissonance can help navigate decision-making, challenge self-justification, and strive for coherence in actions and beliefs.
Deep dives
The Pratfall Effect: How Imperfections Can Enhance Likability
The podcast episode explores the concept of the Pratfall Effect, which suggests that making mistakes or displaying vulnerability can make a person more likable. Examples from the podcast include stories of a TA who slipped and fell in front of his students, and a personal anecdote of forgetting to pack pants for a conference. The research shows that when a person seems too perfect, others might feel intimidated. However, when that person makes a mistake, it makes them more relatable and likable. The Pratfall effect is more likely to work for individuals who are already successful or high-status, as it establishes their competence while showing vulnerability.
Cognitive Dissonance: The Battle Within
The podcast delves into the concept of cognitive dissonance, the uncomfortable tension we experience when our attitudes and actions conflict. Elliot Aronson, a renowned social psychologist, explains that while we are capable of rational behavior, we are often more driven by the need to rationalize our actions. This can lead to self-deception or justifying harmful behavior. The podcast highlights examples such as prosecutors refusing to acknowledge DNA evidence that could exonerate innocent individuals they have imprisoned. Understanding cognitive dissonance can help us navigate decision-making, challenge self-justification, and strive for coherence in our actions and beliefs.
The Jigsaw Classroom: Promoting Cooperation and Reducing Prejudice
The podcast discusses the Jigsaw Classroom, a technique developed by Elliot Aronson to reduce prejudice and improve cooperation among students. The technique involves creating diverse small groups where each member possesses a piece of information or skill necessary to complete a shared task. By relying on each other and understanding the interdependence, students learn to appreciate individual differences and build empathy. The jigsaw approach has been successful in reducing prejudice, improving academic performance, and fostering positive relationships among students of different races and backgrounds.
Overcoming Prejudice: The Power of Virtuous Cycles
The podcast explores how virtuous cycles can help break the cycle of prejudice and dehumanization. It discusses the work of Creative Growth, a nonprofit art center empowering artists with disabilities, as an example of how collaborations and partnerships can challenge stereotypes and promote inclusion. By showcasing the artwork of marginalized artists in mainstream contexts, perceptions are shifted, and barriers are dismantled. The podcast also touches on research indicating that participating in cooperative activities, like the Jigsaw Classroom, can reduce prejudice and contribute to positive relationships. These virtuous cycles offer hope for overcoming divisive attitudes and fostering understanding.
Elliot Aronson is one of the preeminent psychologists of the 20th century — his mentors were Abraham Maslow and Leon Festinger, and his award-winning psychology textbooks are seminal even for non-psychologists. Adam asks Elliot about his pioneering work on making mistakes and cognitive dissonance, or the discomfort we feel when we realize that our attitudes or actions contradict our values. Then, the two discuss the dangers (and upsides) of rationalizing our beliefs — and strategies for making better decisions while keeping an open mind. Transcripts for ReThinking are available at go.ted.com/RWAGscripts
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