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French Revolution's Impact
- The French Revolution significantly influenced 19th-century European politics, shaping various revolutionary and anti-revolutionary factions.
- These factions were defined by their interpretations of different phases of the revolution, from 1789 to 1796.
Early Socialist Thinkers
- Early socialist thinkers like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen emerged, criticizing the Enlightenment's failures to create a just society.
- They proposed alternative social structures based on reason and capital, but their utopian communities ultimately failed.
Post-1848 Socialism
- The 1848 revolutions spurred the development of more sophisticated socialist thought, as revolutionaries learned from their failures.
- Thinkers like Blanqui and Proudhon offered contrasting solutions, from a professional revolutionary vanguard to ignoring the state entirely.