1. The French Revolution of 1789 was seen as a precursor or stepping stone to later revolutions, with some groups believing that true political liberty and social equality were only achieved in subsequent revolutions.
2. A minority group represented the spirit of 1796 and believed that economic equality was necessary for true liberty and equality, arguing that simply transferring wealth from the aristocracy to the bourgeoisie was not a true revolution. Their demands for economic equality laid the groundwork for future social revolutions, including the Russian Revolution.
3. Charles Fourier developed complex theories based on human attraction and passion to create harmonious communities, envisioning four-story complexes where members could work and live in a tailored environment that turned labor into pleasure. He believed that with capital and reason, human conflict, poverty, and misery could be overcome.
4. The international workingmen's association, later known as the First International, was founded in 1864 in Saint Martin's Hall. Karl Marx, a radical journalist and polemicist, was invited to the meeting to make it more international. Marx emphasized in the principles of the international that the working classes must emancipate themselves and not rely on other classes.
5. The general council in London served as a coordinating and correspondence bureau for the international, without authoritarian executive power. Joining the international only required acknowledging justice and morality as the basis of conduct towards others, regardless of color, creed, or nationality.
6. The founding of the international working men's association brought various groups with different ideologies together. Disputes arose over the direction of the movement, with conflicts between reformists, radicals, and anarchists. There were disagreements over the role of unions and the need for a central authority, resulting in a hot and messy beginning to the influential movement.