The Living Philosophy

Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was one of the most controversial books of the 20th century as well as being one of the most referenced academic works in history. In this episode we look at what Thomas Kuhn said about the Structure of Scientific Revolutions and how every science falls into three phases. The first stage of Kuhn’s theory is the Pre-Paradigm phase. This is where the field has yet to achieve any consensus and is divided into a number of competing schools. With the second phase in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn tells us that the field has achieved a certain level of consensus around one paradigmatic theory as has happened for the field of Optics with the work of Newton or of electricity with the work of Franklin. This paradigm sets the research program for the field which sets about the work of normal science.In the course of this normal science, anomalies in the data appear and Kuhn tells us that these anomalies, if not resolved, precipitate a crisis in the field and lead the practitioners to doubt their paradigm. It is this type of crisis that triggers the emergence of the revolutionary science or extraordinary science. In this period a scientist comes up with a solution to this crisis that reorients the field around this new paradigm — setting a new research program and acting as an exemplar for future paradigmatic solutions. Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions changed how scientific development has been perceived forever. In the next episode on Kuhn’s work we will look at the legacy and criticisms of Kuhn’s work.  ____________________⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________Media Used:1. Juniper — Kevin MacLeod2. Drums of the Deep — Kevin MacLeod3. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod4. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod5. Allégro — Emmit FennSubscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusicSubscribe to Emmit Fenn https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC81hioFupMsG2MWMQy78oCw _________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Intro0:45 Pre-Paradigm3:04 Paradigm – Normal Science5:31 Revolutionary / Extraordinary Science10:03 Summary and Conclusion________________#Kuhn #thelivingphilosophy #philosophy #philosophyofscience #paradigm

Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Carl Jung dives into the Collective Unconscious, explaining its depth beyond personal experiences and its influence on instincts, myths, and religions. The discussion explores the differences between personal and collective unconscious, uncovering the archetypes and primal energies that shape human consciousness.

In the wake of the Paris 1968 student protests, Le Monde published a petition from a group of French intellectuals including Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze and a number of future French ministers that argued for the rights of “12- and 13-year olds” “to have relations with whomever they choose”. In this episode I want to explore why these French intellectuals were on the side of Paedophilia, why the pro-paedophilia lobby was so strong at the time and what philosophical justification they had for this view. This will involve an exploration of what happened with the Paris 1968 student protests. _________________ 📚 Further Reading:• The original petition (in French): https://web.archive.org/web/20200125093636/http://www.dolto.fr/fd-code-penal-crp.html• The Atlantic’s article on the age of consent in France from which many quotes and context about 1968 in this video is derived: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/frances-existential-crisis-over-sexual-harassment-laws/550700/• The Guardian’s article on this strange time in French intellectual history: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/24/jonhenley#:~:text=The%20petitions%20were%20issued%20after,Kouchner%20and%20Mr%20Lang%2C%20said.• Wikipedia Article on the petition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_petition_against_age_of_consent_laws_________________ ⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________🎶 Music Used:1. Magnetic — CO.AG Music2. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod3. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod4. Anguish — Kevin MacLeodSubscribe to CO.AG Music https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcav... Subscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction1:08 19683:19 The Birth of Active Politics5:30 Analysis_________________#postmodernism #thelivingphilosophy #1968 #philosophy See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In the work of the great psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, Id Ego Superego form the tripartite structure of the mind. This three-part structure is illustrated by the metaphor of an iceberg by Freud in his 1915 work The Unconscious. This Id Ego Superego structure can be divided between the realms of the conscious and the unconscious. The Id is entirely unconscious, the Ego entirely conscious while the Superego is partly conscious and partly unconscious. In this episode we take the Sigmund Freud id ego superego tripartite iceberg model and map it out looking at the nuances of translation found in Freud’s work. _________________ ⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________🎶 Music Used:1. Magnetic — CO.AG Music2. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod3. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod4. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeodSubscribe to CO.AG Music https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcav... Subscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction0:51 The Id4:21 The Superego6:06 The Ego_________________#Freud #thelivingphilosophy #psychology #philosophy #id #ego #superego See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was one of the most controversial books of the 20th century as well as being one of the most referenced academic works in history. Paradigm was a specialised term before Kuhn but since The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has been in circulation, Kuhn’s paradigm rears its head in every nook and cranny of our society. From Fortune 500 board meetings to hippy sharing circles, the term paradigm has penetrated every layer of the culture. In this episode we explore what Kuhn meant by the term paradigm and we explore the connected ideas of incommensurability and Kuhn Loss. In the postscript to the second edition of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn distinguishes two definitions of the term paradigm: paradigm as disciplinary matrix and paradigm as exemplar. By disciplinary matrix he means something like the worldview of the scientific community — the collection of beliefs, values, techniques and instruments that they use. By exemplar he means the exemplary solution of a paradigmatic puzzle that we find in the work of the paradigm setting scientist. The idea of incommensurability comes from the inability to compare two different paradigms while Kuhn Loss refers to the loss of knowledge that occurs when paradigms move on. ____________________⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________Media Used:1. Juniper — Kevin MacLeod2. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod3. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod4. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod5. Magnetic — CO.AG MusicSubscribe to CO.AG Music https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcav... Subscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction 1:19 The Traditional vs. Kuhnian History of Science 4:42 Paradigm as Disciplinary Matrix 6:08 Paradigm as Exemplar 7:45 Incommensurability and Kuhn Loss 9:25 Different Worlds 10:29 Summary and Conclusion See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Thomas Aquinas was the shining light of medieval philosophy. He worked on his masterpiece the Summa Theologica from 1265 until the year of his death in 1274. This book — most famous today for its 5 arguments for the existence of God — was the reason for his canonisation as a saint and doctor of the Catholic church fifty years after his death. But the work was unfinished because a few months before Aquinas’s death something happened that caused him to abandon his masterpiece. When his socius (a sort of assistant) Reginald of Piperno begged him to continue his work Aquinas replied: “I can do no more; such things have been revealed to me that all that I have written seems to me as so much straw.”________________⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________Media Used:1. Magnetic — CO.AG Music2. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod3. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod4. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod5. Mozart's String Quartet No. 15 in D minor, MOVEMENT II, K. 421 https://youtu.be/-DFKPtvT1p86. 1812 Overture • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky https://youtu.be/LAUuXfSeoqYSubscribe to CO.AG Music https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcav... Subscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction0:45 The Summa Theologica1:52 Aquinas the Mystic3:05 The Tao That Can’t Be Told5:24 The Mystical Trope8:24 The Way of Catharsis________________#aquinas #thelivingphilosophy #philosophy See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

21st-century humanity is threatened by numerous self-generated existential threats to its continued survival. These include socio-political disintegration, ecological collapse and the potential ramifications of AI. The nature of this challenge is comparable to the most prominent scientific hypothesis as to why moths fly into flames — an accidental hijacking of an evolutionary adaptation that leads to the death of individuals. What this hypothesis is and how it relates to the decline of humanity is what we are going to be exploring on this episode of The Living Philosophy. ________________⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________Media Used:1. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod2. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod3. Lost Frontier — Kevin MacLeod4. Juniper — Kevin MacLeod5. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod6. 1812 Overture • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky https://youtu.be/LAUuXfSeoqYSubscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusica. Walt Disney’s Moth Production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YouBj4K7104_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction0:49 The Flight of the Moth2:30 Disrupted Evolution3:36 Moth-Man6:02 Mothbook________________#thelivingphilosophy #philosophy See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The etymology of philosophy leads to the love of wisdom. The paths to wisdom can be divided into two: ekstasis and catharsis. Jamie Wheal is a thinker who utilises this distinction in his book Recapture the Rapture and on podcasts (where he includes a third aspect: Communitas — community/sangha). The distinction between ekstasis and catharsis is a powerful one. Ekstasis is the higher perspective; it is being on the mountain and surveying the entire landscape. Catharsis on the other hand is the way under — it is Dante going through Hell and emerging into Heaven. Ultimately both ekstasis and catharsis lead us to the same place: wisdom but the journey is very different. We can see philosophers throughout history leaning more towards one direction or another: Plato, Plotinus, Parmenides and Spinoza lead us towards the high insights of ekstasis; Heraclitus, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard lead us towards the deep wisdom of catharsis. _________________ Learning Resources:• Recapture the Rapture by Jamie Wheal https://www.recapturetherapture.com/• The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries by Gordon Wasson https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/186043/the-road-to-eleusis-by-r-gordon-wasson/• The Gay Science by Friedrich Nietzsche https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/94578.The_Gay_Science _________________ ⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________🎶 Music Used:1. Magnetic — CO.AG Music2. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod3. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod4. Anguish — Kevin MacLeodSubscribe to CO.AG Music https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcav... Subscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction0:38 Ekstasis4:40 Catharsis7:57 Conclusion_________________Youtube link: https://youtu.be/fL7onbMkfMc See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development has an important place in the system of Integral Philosopher Ken Wilber. Wilber’s theory of everything is based around the stages of human development that go from the four stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and ascend into the spiritual realms of nondualism that we find in the works of Plotinus and other great spiritual masters. In this episode we explore Wilber’s argument that the higher levels of cognitive development are in fact postformal Piagetian stages of development. _________________ Learning Resources:• The Living Philosophy of Jung’s Psychology of Kundalini Yoga https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goZ084pOwuo&list=PL7vtNjtsHReo9K0eH_ii67l0Kp-CF1vEG • Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBmvlTVWjZg • Ken Wilber’s Sex Ecology Spirituality https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/177151.Sex_Ecology_Spirituality _________________ ⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________🎶 Music Used:1. Anguish — Kevin MacLeod2. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod3. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod4. Juniper — Kevin MacLeodSubscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction1:53 Piaget’s Conservation Experiments6:27 Is Wilber Right? 8:07 MHC & Cognitive Complexity10:41 Conclusion_________________#Integral #thelivingphilosophy #Wilber #Piaget #KenWilber

Jean Piaget was the second most referenced psychologist of the 20th century whose work was dedicated to mapping out the stages of human development that is now known as the Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget differentiated four developmental stages that humans pass through: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. These stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development take place at different ages with Sensorimotor occurring between 0-2, Preoperation (or preop) between 3-7, Concrete Operational (or conop) between 7-11) and Formal Operational (formop) being found in children over 11. As well as the work of Jean Piaget we touch a little on Post-Piagetian stages such as Michael Commons’ Model of Hierarchical Development (MHC) as well as Ken Wilber who we will be looking at in more depth in the next episode. These are the stages of the Piaget cognitive development theory; we all pass through these stages on our way to adulthood and Piaget’s theories have been tested across cultures across the world. While it has faded from academic prominence it is one of the shaping theories of the field of psychology. _________________ ⭐ Support the channel (thank you!) ▶ Patreon: https://patreon.com/thelivingphilosophy ▶ Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/thelivingphilosophy________________🎶 Music Used:1. Lost Frontier — Kevin MacLeod2. 1812 Overture • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky https://youtu.be/LAUuXfSeoqY3. Mozart's String Quartet No. 15 in D minor, MOVEMENT II, K. 421 https://youtu.be/-DFKPtvT1p84. End of the Era — Kevin MacLeod5. Mesmerize — Kevin MacLeod6. Juniper — Kevin MacLeodSubscribe to Kevin MacLeod https://www.youtube.com/user/kmmusic_________________⌛ Timestamps:0:00 Introduction1:36 Sensorimotor4:24 Preoperational6:29 Concrete Operational8:55 Formal Operational10:50 Conclusion_________________#Piaget #thelivingphilosophy #psychology #humandevelopment