This Week in Virology

Shane Crotty returns to TWiV to review the immunology of COVID-19, including differences between infection and vaccination, increased breadth of antibodies after infection followed by vaccination, the roles of T cells, and whether booster vaccinations are needed. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Guest: Shane Crotty Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV Vaccine Town Halls SARS-CoV-2 immune memory 8 months post-infection (Science) SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes (Cell Host Microbe) Letters read on TWiV 802 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – How the cat gets its stripes Kathy – Kurzgesagt on Giruses (giant viruses) and beautiful APOD Rich – The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire; Triangle: The Fire That Changed America by David Von Drehle Vincent – Two Top F.D.A. Vaccine Regulators Are Set to Depart During a Crucial Period Listener Picks Debby – River Runner Lin – Your Vaccinated Immune System Is Ready for Breakthroughs Intro music is by Ronald Je Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The meteorologicomaniacs discuss the COVID-19 pandemic global death toll, effectiveness of vaccines against the delta variant, and how analysis of ancient viral DNA reveals that two pathogenic human viruses were brought into Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASV Vaccine Town Halls COVID-19 excess mortality (eLife) Tracking pandemic death toll (eLife) COVID-19 vaccines and delta variant (NEJM) Slave trade carries viruses into Mexico (eLife) Letters read on TWiV 801 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Victor Borge, Phonetic Punctuation Brianne – Cat TV Rich – Cochrane review: Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19 Alan – Cockpit video of flying into Oshkosh Vincent – Medical News Network Morning Medical Update Listener Pick Jody – Human Body Theatre and Plagues: The Microscopic Battlefield Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #78, Daniel Griffin covers ivermectin, convalescent plasma, disease in pregnant women, children and COVID, delta outbreak in an elementary school, validation of at-home antigen test, shedding in infected vaccinated people, mRNA vaccine antibody responses compared, AZD7442, fluvoxamine, one year outcomes in hospitalized patients, and post-vaccination disease. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Do not take veterinary ivermectin (FDA) Ivermectin side effects (CDC) Do not use convalescent plasma (IDSA) COVID-19 in pregnant women (JAMA) Children and COVID-19 data (AAP) Long COVID in 11-17 year olds (Res Square) Delta outbreak elementary school (MMWR) Validation of at-home antigen test (JAMA) Shedding in infected vaccinated people (medRxiv) Compared antibody responses after mRNA vaccination (JAMA) AZD7442 PROVENT phase III (AZ) Fluvoxamine trial (medRxiv) One-year outcomes hospital survivors (Lancet) Post-vaccination illness (Lancet) Letters read on TWiV 800 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews models for determining correlates of neutralizing antibody protection against COVID-19, and for identifying key vector and host species that drive transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Correlate of protection needed for COVID-19 vaccines (Nat Med) Neutralizing antibodies predict protection against symptomatic COVID-19 (Nat Med) Host and vector importance for Ross River virus (eLife) Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count (NY Times) Letters read on TWiV 799 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Brianne – A microscopic video shows the coronavirus on the rampage Kathy – Sabin Oral Sundays in Cuyahoga County, 1962 Rich – The Continuing COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Issues and Glimpse Into the Future Vincent – Demand Surges for Deworming Drug for Covid, Despite Scant Evidence It Works Listener Picks Ronald – Immunity to COVID-19 could last longer than you'd think Agnes – Space Shuttle Prints Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The TWiV team explains what the Biden report on SARS-CoV-2 origins did not: evidence that the virus came from Nature, not a lab; and reveals new coronaviruses in rodents that inhabit populated areas in southern China. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Biden preliminary report on virus origins (NY Times) Window on SARS-CoV-2 origins closing (Nature) WHO Committee members on TWiV 760 Origins of SARS-CoV-2 review (Cell) Comirnaty? Really Pfizer? (FDA) Why the weird name for Pfizer vaccine (Quartz) US vaccine names (CDC) More coronaviruses from rodents in China (J Viral) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – The Brilliant Abyss by Helen Scales Kathy – Solar System ball drop Rich – Dr. Fox effect Alan – Patty Wagstaff virtual airshow cockpit video Vincent – Office Hours Listener Picks Karen – The Dog Will See You Now Alicia – Bio-Rad GTCA Song Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #77, Daniel Griffin discusses children becoming increasingly infected, virological characteristics of infections in vaccinated health care workers, transmission dynamics among close contacts, licensing of Pfizer mRNA vaccine, cost of hospitalization of unvaccinated patients, 29 times higher hospitalization rates in unvaccinated patients, boost in neutralizing antibody potency and breadth by third vaccine dose, and use of J&J vaccine as second dose. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode COVID-19 false dichotomies (BMC Inf Dis) Virological characteristics of infections (medRxiv) Transmission among close contacts (JAMA) Comirnaty licensed (FDA) Cost of hospitalization of unvaccinated (Health Sys Tracker) 29 times higher hospitalization among unvaccinated (MMWR) Third dose boosts antibody potency and breadth (medRxiv) J&J second dose (J&J) Letters read on TWiV 797 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Paul and Theodora return to TWiV to explain their research on determining the number of neutralizing epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike that are recognized by antibodies, and engineering of a polymutant spike with twenty amino acid changes that demonstrates the high genetic barrier to escape from convalescent serum. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Guests: Paul Bieniasz and Theodora Hatiziiouannou Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode High genetic barrier for SARS-CoV-2 antibody escape (bioRxiv) Enhanced antibody one year after COVID-19 (Nature) Letters read on TWiV 796 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – NIF and Photon Science: fusion reaction generates 1.3 MJ Brianne – The PCR Song Rich – 1) How Boston Dynamics' Spot Robot Works! 2) Inside the lab: How does Atlas work?3) Atlas | Partners in Parkour Theodora – Kevin Parry turning into random objects Vincent – Lex Fridman Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #76, Daniel Griffin covers association of age and pediatric household transmission, rapid antigen testing in remote communities, shedding of infectious virus in vaccinated individuals, FDA amendment of mRNA vaccine EUA to allow a third dose, new vaccine mandate for NY state, full vaccination suppresses selection of variants, effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in nursing homes, sustained effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against hospitalization, and no benefit from early convalescent serum in high-risk outpatients. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Age and pediatric household transmission (JAMA) Rapid antigen testing in remote communities (MMWR) Shedding of infectious virus from vaccinated individuals (medRxiv) Additional vaccine doses for immunocompromised (FDA) New vaccine mandate for New York (NYS) Vaccination suppresses variant emergence (medRxiv) mRNA vaccine effectiveness in nursing homes (MMWR) Effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against hospitalization (MMWR) mRNA vaccine sustained effectiveness against hospitalization (MMWR) No benefit of convalescent plasma for high-risk outpatients (NEJM) Letters read on TWiV 795 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV summarizes cases of arbovirus disease during 2019 in the US, and explains a study that estimates infectiousness throughout the SARS-CoV-2 course of infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine Town Halls (ASV) Arboviral illness, US, 2019 (MMWR) Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness (Science) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – Climate Reports | United Nations Brianne – Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Perfect Spiral Rich – COVID-19 false dichotomies Alan – Fixing broken machines Vincent – MKBHD Studio Tour 2021 Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #75, Daniel Griffin reviews vaccine effectiveness against transmission, modeling effectiveness of daily antigen tests, updated CDC guidance for fully vaccinated, risk of infection with time after mRNA vaccination, reduced risk of infection after vaccination, therapeutic anticoagulants in critically ill patients, and 6 month outcomes in hospitalized patients. Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (Euro Surveill) Effectiveness of daily antigen tests (medRxiv) Interim guidance for fully vaccinated people (CDC) Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and reinfection (medRxiv) Reduced risk of infection after vaccination (MMWR) Therapeutic anticoagulants in critically ill patients (NEJM) 6 month outcomes in hospitalized patients (J Gen Int Med) Letters read on TWiV 793 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv