The Giants Shoulder

Robert Plomin is a prominent behavioural geneticist known for his pioneering work in the field of psychology and genetics. His research has significantly advanced our understanding of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in behaviour, personality, and cognitive abilities. Timestamps:0:00 Introduction to Behavioral Genetics08:47 The DNA Revolution: Studying Genetic Influence18:57 The Nature of Nurture: Non-Shared Environment30:34 Recognizing the Biological Component39:36 Predicting Behavior with DNA44:40 The Interaction of Genetics and Environment53:23 Cultural Variations in Heritability01:01:17 The Development of Similarity in Twins01:14:03 The Overlap of Genetic Factors in Psychiatric Disorders01:20:34 Understanding Traits as Quantitative Rather Than Qualitative01:54:16 The Influence of Parents in Child Development01:59:35 The Limited Control of Parents02:08:23 DNA Dating and DNA Augmentation02:16:59 Concerns about Data Breaches and Genetic Caste Systems02:32:27 Equal Opportunity and Social Mobility in Genetics

Dr. Mark Humphries is a computational neuroscientist, researcher, and author exploring the fascinating world of how our brain cells communicate and how reality itself can be rewired.Your brain isn't fixed—it's a flexible, powerful learning machine. Understanding how your neurons adapt, how sensory substitution can unlock entirely new perceptions, and the profound ethical implications of brain-machine interfaces like Neuralink could redefine what it means to be human. So, what happens when we hack our neural code and expand our sensory horizons?Expect to learn why your brain can be trained to experience entirely new senses, how Neuralink’s plans might cross dangerous ethical lines, what happens to your neurons when they’re deprived of stimulus, how sensory substitution can help blind people "see," why reality is far more hackable than you think, how your brain can literally adapt to see through vibrations, why each neuron acts like a tiny computer, how to protect your brain from cognitive decline, what dark neurons could tell us about hidden brain potential, and much more…...00:00 Why Neuroscientists Are Obsessed with Brain "Spikes"07:43 How Do Neurons Understand Language? (We Have No Clue!)13:39 What Happens if Your Brain Gets No Stimulus?17:00 Sensory Substitution: Seeing Through Your Skin20:28 Neuralink: The Scary Future of Brain Augmentation31:33 Could Your Brain Learn to Feel Twitter Notifications?34:07 Rewarding the Brain: How to Train Humans Like Monkeys38:16 The Romanian Orphanage Tragedy: Brains Without Love48:09 How Your Environment Physically Rewires Your Brain56:21 Designing the Ultimate Retirement Home (According to Neuroscience)1:00:23 Your Neurons Are Tiny Computers (How They Compute Logic)1:05:45 The Dark Side of Neural Augmentation (Why Neuroscientists Worry)1:09:13 Could Humans Echolocate and Gain New Super-Senses?1:13:25 Sensory Augmentation: Can We See Infrared Like Snakes?1:25:40 Why Neuroscientists Still Don’t Understand Consciousness1:29:08 The Mystery of Dark Neurons: Your Brain’s Hidden Wiring...Follow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=b33232eae67b4126Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/brief-enquiry-to-the-brain/id1752486249Get the Comfiest Sleep Mask on the Planet at https://bit.ly/4ilzfBL (use Code GIANTSMANTA10)

Luke O'Neill is a renowned Irish immunologist whose groundbreaking research and charismatic public engagement have made significant contributions to the field of immunology and science communication. Born in Dublin, Ireland, O'Neill has become a prominent figure in both the academic world and the public eye, known for his expertise in inflammation, infectious diseases, and innate immunity.00:00 Intro 04:13 - The Role of Scientific Communication During the Global Pandemic07:25 - Providing Hope and Reassurance in Times of Fear and Uncertainty17:39 - Lessons Learned: Ventilation, Masks, and Vaccines in Controlling Pandemics22:49 - Bridging the Gap: Communicating Research Papers to a General Audience29:26 - The Importance of Education in Science Communication34:06 - Country Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic36:21 - The Impact of the Pandemic on Mental Health43:13 - Understanding Long COVID46:21 - The Success Story of Inflazome54:36 - The Fascinating World of Scientific Communication and Origins of LifeLuke's is an Incredible Author:To Boldly Go Where No Book Has Gone Before: A Joyous Journey Through All of Science: https://amzn.to/4dxd5KxThe Great Irish Science Book: https://amzn.to/3WOQWSbHumanology: A Scientist's Guide to our Amazing Existence: https://amzn.to/3SyAenANever Mind the B#ll*cks, Here's the Science: https://amzn.to/3SXOTZZKeep Calm and Trust the Science: An Extraordinary Year in the Life of an Immunologist: https://amzn.to/3WOReILShow Me the Science: Life’s Biggest Questions and How Science Answers Them: https://amzn.to/3Ywyxeq

Dr Laura Andreae is a Developmental Neuroscientist from King’s College London. She has conducted pioneering research into how our synaptic circuits are laid down during development, basically how we are wired from childhood how our neuron’s link up in specific critical ways at critical times to make us, us. She is also a world foremost expert in the development of autism and intellectual disorders at a synapse level. 00:00:00 Intro00:04:17 Understanding Brain Development and Wiring00:09:31 Debunking Misconceptions about Autism00:12:30 The Uncertain Impact of Social Media on Brain Development00:16:41 Exploring the Differences in Male and Female Brain Development00:28:00 Identifying Specific Circuits and Pathways in Autism00:38:06 The Importance of Collaboration in Autism Research00:50:48 The Manifestation of Autism in Males and Females00:58:23 The Role of Genetic Changes in Autism01:01:12 Improving Integration and Support for Individuals with Autism01:08:52 Understanding the Link Between Genetic Changes and Behavior01:12:42 The Potential of Brain-Machine Interfaces and Gene Therapy01:17:56 Concerns about AI and Employment01:23:27 The Need for Collaboration and Understanding in NeuroscienceIn this podcast we discuss the neural mechanisms of autism, how autism is a superpower in many and what our society can do better to support people with developmental disorders, and how we can best leverage their brilliance for the benefit of humanity.

Dr Hugo Spiers is a cognitive Neuroscientist from University College London. He has spent over 25 years studying our spatial navigation system and memory. He has published over 160 research papers on whats actually happening in the brain when we are moving from one place to another, something we all take for granted but is quite remarkable brain system that we all use every day.I learned personal things in this podcast about what my awful sense of direction means for me, why I should try to improve and just an incredible amount about the incredible brain systems we employ to navigate around our world.00:00 Intro03:44 Introduction to Spatial Navigation and Brain Structure06:19 The London Taxi Driver Study and Brain Structure11:13 The Relationship Between Hippocampus Size and Navigation16:34 The Role of Different Brain Regions in Spatial Memory19:50 Habits and Autopilot Behavior in Spatial Memory35:19 Genetic Factors and Spatial Navigation39:11 Visualization and Motor Cortex Interaction43:21 Genetic Components of Spatial Navigation48:37 The Health Benefits of Challenging Spatial Navigation Skills54:10 The Future of Neuroscience and TechnologyDr. Hugo Spears discusses the neuroscience of spatial navigation and the correlation between brain structure and spatial navigation abilities. While there is still much we don't know, studies have shown that individuals with larger hippocampi tend to be better navigators. The famous London taxi driver study demonstrated that licensed taxi drivers have larger posterior hippocampi, suggesting that training and experience can impact brain structure. However, there is still debate about the extent to which brain structure influences spatial navigation abilities. Additionally, the brain's spatial memory system involves the parietal cortex for organizing the structure of the world, the hippocampus for allocentric processing, and the striatum for forming habits and autopilot behavior. The conversation explores the topic of spatial navigation and its neural mechanisms. It discusses how the brain maps space and the role of the hippocampus in creating a map of our surroundings. The conversation also touches on the genetic components of spatial navigation and the potential health benefits of actively improving our navigation skills. The conversation concludes with a discussion on the future of neuroscience and technology, highlighting the potential dangers of automated drones and the exciting possibilities of simulating environments for research and design purposes.

Andrew Cooper Sansone otherwise known as SenseofMind on his popular youtube channel is a prolific Neuroscience content creator and communicator. He runs the social brain podcast where he delves into fascinating topics like the Evolution of the brain the Neuroscience of emotions and everything in between. With a biochemistry background he’s incredibly knowledgable about different brain systems and current Neuroscience research that help you improve your life. This knowledge made for a fascinating conversation which I really enjoyed. 00:00 Intro03:30 Unraveling the Mystery of the Brain13:13 The Challenges of Neuroscience Communication36:11 Finding Peace and Perspective through Gratitude38:19 The Challenges of Meditation40:18 Cultivating Awe in Nature42:32 The Impact of Social Media53:27 The Psychology of Intrinsic Motivation58:51 The Potential and Ethical Considerations of Neurotechnology01:10:38 The Exciting and Uncertain Future of Neuroscience and NeurotechnologyIn this conversation, Andrew, a neuroscience communicator, discusses his most interesting findings about the brain and the challenges of understanding it. He highlights the mystery of consciousness and the difficulty in explaining emotions. The conversation then shifts to the importance of neuroscience communication and Andrew's goal of providing accurate information to help people live better lives. They discuss the complexity of neuroscience and the challenges of simplifying it for a general audience. Andrew shares practical takeaways from neuroscience, including strategies for emotion regulation, enhancing positive emotions, and taking care of physical health. The conversation explores the topics of meditation, the psychology of awe, the impact of social media on mental health, the rewiring of Gen Z, intrinsic motivation, and the future of neuroscience and neurotechnology. The guests discuss their personal experiences with meditation and how it can be challenging to maintain a consistent practice. They also delve into the benefits of experiencing awe in nature and the negative effects of constant social media exposure. The conversation touches on the potential impact of social media and mobile phones on future generations, particularly in terms of their development and well-being. They explore the neuroscience of intrinsic motivation and how it can be cultivated. The guests also discuss the potential of neurotechnology, such as brain-computer interfaces, and the ethical considerations surrounding its development. They express both excitement and concern about the future of neuroscience and neurotechnology, highlighting the potential for positive advancements as well as the risks and trade-offs involved.Be sure to follow the podcast on spotify and check out the channel on Youtube!

Dr Redmond O’ Connell is a cognitive neuroscientist from Trinity College Dublin, the college where I received my degree. He has spent decades studying our decision making systems in the brain, how we build evidence in a manner shaped by our experience and perceptions and ultimately how we make heavily biased decisions. Dr Redmond has won many awards and is a brilliant researcher and scientific communicator. Subscribe on youtube and follow on Spotify so you don’t miss the next neuroscience podcast, I hope you enjoy!00:00 Intro03:23 The Brain's Decision-Making Process04:56 The Evidence Accumulation Process11:58 Overcoming Biases through Education and Critical Thinking15:15 Effective Communication to Address Biases39:52 Introduction and Free Will55:50 Limitations of Large Language Models01:02:42 Mimicking the Human Brain in AI01:10:31 Understanding Consciousness in AI01:16:29 Exciting Advances and Concerns in the Next Decade of ScienceThe brain's decision-making process is still not fully understood, but there are some guiding principles that have been established. One principle is the evidence accumulation process, where the brain samples and weighs different pieces of information before making a decision. Expectations and biases also play a role in decision making, as they shape the thresholds for accepting evidence. Biases can be difficult to overcome, but education and critical thinking can help. Effective communication is crucial in addressing biases and promoting a better understanding of complex issues. The concept of free will is subjective and depends on individual definitions and perspectives. In this conversation, Redmond O'Connell discusses the concept of free will and its relationship to neural activity and decision-making. He challenges the idea that neural activity preceding conscious decisions negates free will, arguing that it is a matter of quantity rather than a binary concept. O'Connell also explores the limitations of large language models like ChatGPT, highlighting their inability to reason and their reliance on statistical associations. He suggests that mimicking the human brain and incorporating embodied cognition may be key to developing more intelligent AI. O'Connell emphasizes the importance of understanding consciousness and the potential ethical concerns surrounding AI and misinformation.

Dr. Christof Koch is a leading neuroscientist who has dedicated his life to unraveling the secrets of consciousness. As the Chief Scientist of the MindScope Program at the Allen Institute for Brain Science, his work has transformed our understanding of how our minds work.00:00 Intro02:27 The Nature of Consciousness05:41 Practical Implications of Consciousness Research09:54 Boundaries of Consciousness in Organisms32:08 Exploring Consciousness and the Experience of Flow37:32 The Impact of Psychedelics on the Brain and Mental Health51:00 AI and the Future of Human Meaning and ValueDr. Koch's career is nothing short of extraordinary. He's authored influential books like "The Quest for Consciousness", "Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist," and most recently Then I Am Myself the World: What Consciousness Is and How to Expand It. His groundbreaking research with Nobel Laureate Francis Crick has also helped shape modern neuroscience.Dr. Christoph Koch discusses the nature of consciousness, its research, and the boundaries of consciousness in various organisms. He also delves into the philosophical and metaphysical aspects of consciousness, including physicalism, idealism, and panpsychism. Additionally, he shares personal insights on how his study of consciousness has impacted his life and ethical choices. The conversation delves into the nature of consciousness, the experience of flow, the impact of psychedelics on the brain, and the potential role of psychedelics in mental health therapies. It also explores the implications of AI on human meaning and value. We also both recount our personal psychedelics experiences and the profound effects they have had on us.

Dr Shane O' Mara is a Neuroscientist and professor of Experimental Brain Research in Trinity College Dublin. Dr O' Mara's academic research concerns the brain systems supporting learning and memory, and how they are affected by stress and depression; He has also explored the intersection of psychology and neuroscience with policy, evidence-based policy-making and related areas. 04:11 The Under-Walking Epidemic 11:26 The Impact of Standing Desks 13:52 Walking Treadmills vs. Outdoor Walking 30:08 Long-Distance Endurance Walking 32:44 Walking and All-Cause Mortality 34:40 Walking and Mental Health 47:51 The Link Between Walking and Creativity 55:44 The Role of the Default Mode Network in Creative Thinking 59:30 The Importance of Preparation and Incubation in Problem-Solving 01:03:37 The Power of Experimentation in Finding Innovative Solutions 01:08:24 Balancing Task Focus and End-State Focus for Effective Problem-Solving 01:10:32 Creating Space for Creative Thinking 01:13:55 Challenging Attention Span Claims 01:17:33 Adaptability to New Technologies 01:23:44 The Complex Relationship with Social Media 01:36:52 The Power of Walking 01:44:03 Tips for Walking More

Kevin Mitchell is an associate professor of Genetics and Neuroscience at Trinity College Dublin. His research is aimed at understanding the genetic program specifying the wiring of the brain and its relevance to variation in human faculties, especially to psychiatric and neurological disease and to perceptual conditions like synaesthesia.00:00 Intro01:08 Introduction and Background22:02 Debunking Brain Myths: The Truth About Neuroplasticity39:04 The Importance of Critical Thinking and Skepticism52:32 Questioning Claims about the Gut Microbiome01:08:22 The Limitations of Brain Connectivity and the Complexity of the Brain01:18:16 Synesthesia and the Diversity of Perception01:32:01 The Myth of Growth Mindset: Lack of Solid Evidence