Ludger Wößmann, a professor of economics at the University of Munich, challenges the stereotype of inevitable cognitive decline with age. He discusses groundbreaking research revealing that maintaining mental sharpness is possible through continuous skill engagement. Key insights highlight the significance of mental exercises, social interactions, and physical fitness. Wößmann also emphasizes how literacy and numeracy skills can be preserved with active practice, especially for different occupational groups, debunking myths surrounding aging and cognition.

The Mars we know now is arid and dusty, with punishing radiation levels. But, as science correspondent Nicola Davis tells Madeleine Finlay, two new studies add weight to the idea that billions of years ago the red planet was a much wetter place. Nicola explains why researchers now think it was once home to sandy beaches, what a study looking into the type of rust on the planet has revealed about its damp past, and what all this might tell us about the former habitability of Mars. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod

Recent lunar missions have showcased private companies achieving soft landings on the moon, pushing the boundaries of space exploration. Tension arises as scientists question Elon Musk's role within the Royal Society, reflecting on accountability in science. A groundbreaking study suggests that men with higher-quality sperm may live two to three years longer, linking reproductive health and longevity. This research prompts concerns over low sperm quality and its association with early mortality, signaling a need for deeper investigation into male health.

Helena Horton, an environment reporter for the Guardian, dives into the exciting resurgence of beavers in England. Once hunted to extinction, these furry creatures are now being reintroduced, heralded as vital for restoring ecosystems. Helena discusses their role as nature's water engineers, enhancing biodiversity, and even benefiting local economies. She addresses the challenges of reintroduction, including farmer concerns and the balancing act required for conservation. It's a fascinating journey into beaver conservation that's changing perceptions and landscapes alike.

What will future civilizations discover about us? Scientists explore the idea of 'technofossils'—the remnants of human existence like plastics and artifacts. These materials could showcase our environmental impact and biodiversity loss. Simple items may tell clearer stories than complex technology. Imagine children's drawings revealing more than our latest gadgets! The discussion provides insight into the legacy we're leaving behind and how future beings may view our time on Earth.

The podcast delves into the turbulent impact of political decisions on the U.S. scientific community. It discusses delays in funding and projects, leading to chaos within research institutions. Experts highlight the severe implications of funding cuts and layoffs, which threaten the vitality of innovation. Concerns about retaliation within scientific circles emerge, emphasizing the need for trust and collaboration. The conversation underscores the crucial link between politics and public support for science, advocating for robust journalism amidst this turmoil.

This week features fascinating insights into the genetic roots of human language, revealed through squeaks from engineered mice. It also highlights a troubling increase in childhood constipation cases, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive treatment approach. Furthermore, promising advancements in CAR T-cell therapy are showcased, illustrated by the success story of a young neuroblastoma survivor. Discover how environmental factors may play a greater role in aging than our genes!

The debate over cats as a threat to wildlife takes center stage, particularly in Scotland's conservation discussions. It's revealed that millions of mammals and birds fall prey to our feline friends each year. Experts propose innovative solutions like specialized collars and dietary adjustments to curb this hunting behavior. The conversation also touches on responsible pet ownership, emphasizing the need for regulations while celebrating the unique bond between humans and their cats. Ultimately, it seeks to find harmony between love for pets and protecting biodiversity.

World-leading scientists are calling for a halt on research into 'mirror life' microbes due to potential risks to Earth. Initially seen as an exciting scientific frontier, these organisms raise serious ethical concerns around safety and compatibility with existing life forms. Experts discuss the dual nature of molecular chirality and its implications for both innovative medicine and the broader understanding of life in the universe. The podcast underscores the tension between scientific discovery and ethical responsibility, all while highlighting the critical role of independent journalism.

Richard Binzel, a renowned planetary sciences professor at MIT and inventor of the Torino scale, discusses the recent emergence of asteroid 2024 YR4, which threatens a close approach to Earth in 2032. He outlines global defense measures that have been activated, emphasizing the urgency of preparedness. The conversation dives into how asteroids are monitored, the importance of trajectory predictions, and NASA's innovative techniques for potential asteroid deflection. Binzel connects this to historical events, shedding light on our strategies to mitigate asteroid threats.