Craig Callender, Tata Chancellor's Professor of Philosophy at UC San Diego, dives deep into the nature of time. He challenges the conventional view of time as a flowing entity, discussing the spacetime continuum and the complexities of how we perceive time. Callender examines the interplay between physics and metaphysics, addressing big questions raised by quantum mechanics. Additionally, he explores the evolution of time perception across species, emphasizing how sensory processing influences our understanding of reality.

Peter Lindert, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at UC Davis, dives into the mechanics of government social spending. He discusses the historical rise of social programs, particularly in Northwest Europe, and emphasizes the role of universal education in promoting equality. Lindert critiques the shift in funding towards the elderly and wealthy since 1910, while exploring the implications of welfare dynamics in various political systems. He brings insights on the economic impacts of immigration and the challenges facing retirement and social security amidst an aging population.

Joel Marks, professor emeritus of philosophy and bioethics scholar, dives deep into the complexities of moral values. He explores the origins of morality, emphasizing the influence of emotions like guilt and shame. The conversation delves into debates over objective moral values and challenges faced by atheists in reconciling nonbelief with morality. Marks also introduces desirism, advocating for understanding morality through individual desires rather than strict absolutes, encouraging a fresh perspective on ethics.

J. Doyne Farmer, a leading figure in complexity economics and professor at the University of Oxford, dives into the chaotic nature of economic systems. He discusses how traditional models often fail to account for unpredictability and the importance of agent-based simulations. The conversation also uncovers strategies for transitioning to net-zero emissions, emphasizing the rapid advancements in renewable energy. Farmer critiques the connection between economic policies and inequality while advocating for a more nuanced approach to policy evaluation.

Sergio Almécija, a Senior Research Scientist in Biological Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, shares insights on human evolution and the stories behind his book, featuring various experts. He discusses the complexities of human and ape evolution, exploring Neanderthal culture and their interactions with modern humans. The conversation also delves into the interplay between science and spirituality, and how interdisciplinary approaches can enrich our understanding of what it means to be human.

João Teixeira, an esteemed population geneticist and Australian Research Council DECRA Fellow, dives deep into the fascinating world of human evolution. He discusses the complexities of modern versus archaic humans and challenges the idea of a singular migration out of Africa, emphasizing multiple waves and interactions. Teixeira sheds light on Denisovans’ genetic legacy and how interbreeding has shaped human ancestry. The conversation also tackles misconceptions about superiority in human diversity and highlights the randomness and nuance in our evolutionary journey.

Robert Borofsky, Director of the Center for Public Anthropology and Professor Emeritus, shares his insights on the evolving role of anthropology. He discusses the critical need for anthropologists to focus on the impact of their research, stressing the importance of reciprocity with the communities they study. The conversation delves into academic hegemony, the significance of ethical engagement, and the call for a more public anthropology that prioritizes societal issues over rigid publication standards. Borofsky advocates for a shift in paradigms to revitalize the discipline.

Katie Rose Hejtmanek, a Professor at Brooklyn College and a three-time powerlifting champion, dives into the intersection of gender and power in strength sports. She explores how politics shapes athletics, particularly in light of events like the Olympics. The discussion emphasizes an intersectional feminist approach, examining the complexities of gender dynamics and the transformation of women's roles in wrestling. Hejtmanek advocates for redefining strength beyond traditional norms, showcasing inclusivity and celebrating the capabilities of all athletes, including those navigating motherhood.

Matthew McManus, a Political Science lecturer at the University of Michigan, dives deep into liberal socialism's intriguing roots. He discusses key figures like Thomas Paine and Mary Wollstonecraft, emphasizing their critiques of inequality. The conversation explores how liberal socialism aligns with social democracy while critiquing wealth accumulation. McManus also addresses the historical interplay with Marxism and John Stuart Mill's contributions. The dialogue navigates the tension between hope and current far-right ideologies, calling for a reassessment of traditional liberal ideals.

Francesca Bellazzi, a postdoctoral researcher driven by the complex interactions of chemistry and biology, brings her insights on the philosophy of science. She dives into the ideas of functions and kinds, using metaphors like hearts and chairs to discuss their roles. The conversation also explores the dual nature of vitamin B12 and the evolving definitions of genes. Additionally, Francesca applies virtue ethics to the COVID era, stressing the importance of individual agency and the virtues that guide ethical decisions in challenging times.