Alpha Exchange

25 years post the chaotic unwind of Long Term Capital Management, there are lessons a plenty to be gleaned from this event. With this in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome acclaimed writer Roger Lowenstein, author of the famous book “When Genius Failed”, to the Alpha Exchange. His work is a compelling chronical of the vast success but ultimate failure of this storied hedge fund.We discuss some of the philosophical underpinnings of the firm’s risk management framework, focusing on the influence of Nobel Prize winners Myron Scholes and Robert Merton. We review some of LTCMs favorite trades and how in reality they were far less diversified than they appeared. And we discuss the rescue, a messy episode involving banks, the Fed and Warren Buffet, kind of.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Roger Lowenstein.

Welcome to the Alpha Exchange Q1 2023 Review, in which we assess some of the trends in market risk that have recently been important. We discuss gold, the performance of VIX ETP strategies and the return of traditional risk on/risk off. We also spend time dissecting changes in the shape of the S&P 500 Index volatility skew and commenting on that well known put spread collar. We finish with some information on the MacroMinds Investment Symposium, an event taking place on June 7th in New York City that raises critical funding for education focused charitable organizations.  Thank you for listening.

I like to say that you learn the most in markets by studying the periods when things go horribly wrong. And in this spirit, Alpha Exchange guests are often asked to reflect back on risk events of great consequence. 2023 marks the 25th anniversary of the LTCM fiasco, an event too long ago to matter for anyone under the age of 40, even as there are valuable lessons to be had from this giant portfolio unwind. As we look back on this vol event from 1998, it was a pleasure to welcome Nicholas Dunbar, author of “Inventing Money: The Story of Long Term Capital”, to the podcast. With a background in math and physics and with a long stint at Risk Magazine, Nick was well equipped to explain how the effort to conquer markets through the science of derivatives ultimately failed. Along the way, he provides a brief history of how option theory has developed, brings to life key players in the story and dives in to technical details of LTCM’s trades. We learn about the dangers of models, leverage, hubris and crowding all at once.  I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Nick Dunbar.

There are lies, damn lies and statistics as the saying goes, and about the latter, Adam Parker knows a thing or two. Armed with a Phd in stats, he began his Wall Street career as a semi’s analyst at Sanford Bernstein in 1999. Reflecting back on the deep dive research the firm was known for, he notes that today’s rapid fire information environment requires especially efficient communication to clients.We look backward to gather some insights on how Adam’s framework and process came to be. Markets teach lessons and for Adam, it is the recovery periods – March 2009 and March 2020,  for example – that illustrated the need to look past headline negativity and embrace risk when it was difficult to do so. He shares as well the challenges inherent in determining if change – in margins, in profits and stock price, for example – is structural versus cyclical.We shift to Adam’s founding of Trivariate Research, a firm providing top down investment strategy to institutional clients. First, we review some of chaos that ensued 3 years back during the pandemic and learn of some of the factor work that isolated work from home versus re-opening, a theme further distilled by adding a high and low quality factor to each. Next we talk about crowding, an area of focus at Trivariate. Here the team collects data on ownership among a prominent group of stock pickers, aimed at identifying both conviction as well as bad crowding.We round out the conversation by further exploring crowding, but in the context of hidden, overlapping factors. Here Adam talks about his work in the area of signal correlation and how factor sensitivities of sets of stocks can vary substantially over time. The result is a “handle with care” approach to interpreting model outputs. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Adam Parker.

With 3 decades in markets, Jon Golub’s career is split evenly between the buyside and sell-side. Reflecting on his early days in the industry, Jon notes the especially benign environment that characterized the 90’s, a period of post-Cold War geopolitical stability, with the trauma of 70’s inflation sufficiently in the rear view even as the tail wind of lower interest rates was still a positive force in markets. While analyzing time series of economic and financial data is a critical part of his team’s process, Jon is careful not to draw broad conclusions because in market cycles, “this time is actually different” probably applies more often than not. He points to the less debt heavy capital structure of key segments of the S&P 500 today versus decades ago as a ready example of the unique attributes of different time periods.Our conversation shifts to Jon’s work as Chief US Equity Strategist and Head of Quantitative Research at Credit Suisse and his assessment of present day risks and opportunities. Here he makes the interesting point that the US economy is less sensitive to higher rates than it has been historically. But for stocks, the short rate does matter, especially in the context of what he expects to be a more challenging earnings outlook. He sees the impact of Fed policy at least partially blunted by a labor market that is even tighter than the headline unemployment rate suggests. Next, we talk about inflation and the various ways in which it impacts both corporates and the consumer. For the latter, inflation matters, but the healthy jobs market matters more, especially when set against the backstop of savings. For companies, margin compression, dwindling profit growth and a middling economy lead to what Jon characterizes as “stagflation light”. This less than rosy outlook is in the context of valuations that appear reasonably fair, especially when set against long term corporate bond yields.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Jon Golub.

Sketching out a business plan in 2012, Eric Liu and his Co-founders saw an opportunity to create a product that simplified the world of macro for investors. Vanda Research was born, a firm that seeks to connect the top-down with the bottom up and in the process, fill a gap by providing clients with shorter term tactical research ideas. A decade later, the evolution of Vanda leans heavily on the collection of and analysis of unique and often high frequency data sets. Making the point that “2020 was a year when alternative data sets went mainstream”, Eric reflects back on the Pandemic and the search for clues as to the speed of economic reopening, looking at various measures of supply chain disruption.With the notion that price moves result not just from how investors process new developments but also by the stance of positioning, a large component of the Vanda product is looking for instances in which investors are either over or under-exposed to assets. With respect to the latter, Eric cites palladium and platinum, both of which had substantially short positioning readings in late 2021. Combining data from dealerships, the team built a car inventory index that showed activity was bottoming about the same time, helping identify a trade in which palladium rallied by 80%.Much of our conversation also talks about the surge in retail activity in equity markets and how individual investor behavior can be aggregated for clues on market direction. Asserting that nearly all of the moves in the S&P 500 in 2022 can be explained by retail, Eric sees positioning a bit less stretched now than it was late last year. And while he sees some risk that the Fed needs to hike rates further, a glass half-full take is that the growth and profit environment that would motivate such moves would be a healthy one, giving further runway to the upside scenario.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Eric Liu.

Rebecca Patterson has always sought out new career challenges, willing to take risks in the process. Amidst the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Rebecca was hired into a Strategist position within the asset management side of JP Morgan, giving her early exposure to one of those 100 year market storm events that seems to actually happen every 10 years. She began building out a macro, data driven framework that was underpinned by the vast array of complex linkages between the economy and markets. In 2012, she joined Bessemer Trust, serving as the CIO and overseeing $85 billion of client assets.At the heart of our conversation is uncertainty, a reality in markets that Rebecca has considerable respect for. In this context she shares her risk management process going into the 2016 US election and the detailed work her team did to game out a number of scenarios and their potential impacts.We shift to Rebecca’s time spent at Bridgewater Associates, where she served as the firm’s Chief Investment Strategist until recently, and learn about her assessment of the US macro climate. Here, Rebecca reviews the asset price damage that occurred in 2022 due to the fast rise in real rates and expresses a cautionary view on risk markets. On her mind is the potential that implied Fed cuts do not materialize as currently implied by the inverted shape of the yield curve. While the big picture - one in which overall growth is decelerating and monetary policy remains tight – leaves her cautious, Rebecca does see potential opportunities on the long side in emerging market debt, where countries like Brazil are close to done with their monetary policy hiking cycles.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Rebecca Patterson.

Among the major asset classes, no market has experienced a sea-change in volatility levels more so than the US government bond market over the past few years. Consider that the MOVE index reached the low 40’s in 2019, spiked to 160 during the March’20 Covid market crisis, descended below 40 in late 2020 and then surged in 2022, again reaching 160. It is against this fast-changing risk backdrop, and exceptionally high vol of vol that I had the pleasure of welcoming Deep Kumar to the Alpha Exchange.The Co-CIO of III Capital Management, Deep is engaged in finding value in global government bond markets, deploying relative value strategies across the curve and utilizing derivatives to seek out asymmetric return opportunities. Armed with a PhD in hypersonics, Deep hit Wall Street in the mid 90’s, building risk and pricing models that leveraged his understanding of the math that underpins derivatives pricing. Our discussion looks back on some of the formative events that Deep has encountered and how those have cemented the idea that volatility itself is volatile, a notion that matters in option pricing, especially when risk managing exposure to deep out of the money strikes.The back half of our discussion considers the here and now and what Deep sess in the prices on hand. In Japan, we discuss the JGB yield curve “Kuroda Kink” and relate the importance of positioning – in this case by the price insensitive BoJ – in impacting market clearing prices. On the US front, he sees excess optimism reflected in the belly of the yield curve, where the meaningful inversion between 3-month bills and 2 year notes suggests an ongoing trend in disinflation that will enable the Fed to begin easing in 2023. Skeptical that this can occur perfectly according to plan, Deep is using OTC derivative trades that capitalize on a reversal of the negative term premium currently priced in the curve.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dr. Deep Kumar.

For Francois Trahan, early exposure to econometric models that sought to forecast business conditions illustrated the importance of changes in interest rates. Over a 25 year time frame, he’s developed a framework that utilizes variables that lead the business cycle and consistently have information content with respect to where markets are heading. We talk about challenging times for risk assets – distinguishing crisis episodes like the GFC in 2008 from bear markets experienced in 2001 and 2022. For Francois, these are all linked, with commonality in how interest rates created an economic slowdown which then left asset prices vulnerable.Now the founder of Trahan Macro Research, Francois has a decidedly bearish outlook for US equities, very much a consequence of the exceedingly steep trajectory of short-rates, moving from essentially zero at the start of 2022 to 4.5% now. His set of macro leading indicators all point in unwelcome directions and his view is that the equity sell-off last year is just an appetizer for the challenging market conditions that approach. We walk through the specifics of his call and his recommendations that investors seeks refuge in style factors – like quality, profitability and low beta - that are typically more durable when growth is falling. If the 2022 decline in US equity markets was about a re-rating lower of the index multiple, 2023 will introduce flagging profits, largely a function of the lagged impact of rate increases that lower demand.We finish by learning more about the efforts Francois is making in establishing the Macro Specialist Designation, an initiative designed to help professionals establish an understanding of markets and the economy from a top down perspective in a way similar to what the CFA designation seeks to offer from a bottoms up standpoint. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Francois Trahan.

A "beaten path" refers to a route that is frequently traveled. In markets, for years, this path led investors to be long both stocks and bonds in unison under the premise that duration exposure would mitigate losses during a sell-off in risk assets. In 2022, amidst sharply rising inflation, investors learned painful lessons that stock and bond prices can become highly correlated. For Dylan Grice, Co-founder of Calderwood Capital, the search for exposures that are off the beaten path has always been a natural pursuit.Originally trained as an economist, Dylan realized early in his career that he was less geared towards making predictions. Instead, his focus is on evaluating the price of uncertainty, looking for opportunities to invest with hedge fund managers that emerge when the price of risk is favorable on either the long or short vol side of the ledger. In his search for cheap optionality, Dylan saw value in being short mortgages in 2021, a time during which interest rate volatility was exceedingly depressed by the forceful promises of the Fed, convinced that inflation was transitory.He and team have also found opportunities to be well compensated to absorb risk, typically occurring when a market’s capacity to do so has been compromised. Such is the case in the reinsurance market now, where premiums post Hurricane Ida have increased substantially on the back of huge losses suffered. As catastrophe risk is fundamentally unique relative to market risk, adding exposure here is part of the low correlation set of strategies sought by Calderwood.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dylan Grice. To learn more about Calderwood Capital, please visit www.calderwoodcapital.com.