Today’s guest is Dr. Jim Stanford, Economist and Director of the Centre for Future Work and author of Economics for Everyone. We kick things off with Jim hearing his perspectives on what makes this recession unprecedented before he argues that a traditional approach to macroeconomic policy won’t be enough to augment more than a crippled and unstable recovery. This situation might hold a silver lining though and Jim sketches out the opportunity it provides for rethinking employment ethics. After weighing in on why the deficits caused by a much-needed post-war style economic reconstruction might not such a bad thing, Jim does an amazing job of explaining the connections and differences between quantitative easing and government deficit. On this topic, he talks about why fears around credit creation are centered on an outdated concept of banking, and the potential quantitative easing has for facilitating investment and economic activity in this recession rather than buying corporate assets in the secondary market. From there, we talk about wealth distribution, the inevitability of an economic system that supersedes capitalism, and the concept of the political economy. Jim gets into how issues about history, norms, culture, and power – things that don't show up in your usual supply and demand graphs – are actually crucial inputs for understanding the economy and understanding economics. Don’t miss this incredible conversation about ethics and capitalism with today’s guest.   Key Points From This Episode: Introducing Jim Stanford and his work on economics and quantitative easing. [0:00:05.3] What makes this recession unprecedented; the ‘Loch Ness Monster’ recovery. [0:03:16.2] How many of the most vulnerable groups are experiencing more job losses. 0:06:27.3] Challenges of remote work and implications that only 25-30% of jobs can be done remotely. [0:09:32.3] Impacts of social distancing on the economy, a socially constructed phenomenon. [0:12:07.7] Avoiding the Loch Ness recovery by implementing a post-war style recovery plan. [0:14:53.3] The silver lining of this crisis: putting an end to inhumane work arrangements. [0:18:38.4] Why large deficits that could come with a reconstruction might not be a problem. [0:21:02.0] Connections and differences between quantitative easing and government deficit. [0:24:30.3] Dispelling fears of credit creation inflation; how banking actually works. [0:28:14.7] The dangers of quantitative easing and how it can be better used in the recovery. [0:32:44.3] Why GDP might not be the best measure of how well an economy is doing. [0:35:49.1] Metrics that make skew wealth distribution seem less harsh than it is. [0:38:58.2] The precariousness of the bank and mining-based Canadian economy. [0:41:49.9] How Capitalism is not perpetual and examples of seeds of change. [0:46:17.3] Why the capitalist economy is political and gross inequality contradicts it. [0:50:21.8] Jim’s education, early activistic goals, and definition of success. [0:53:28.5]

With private equity investments increasing in popularity, you may feel the pressure to expand your portfolio. Today’s episode, we look at the data behind private equity returns to see if these investments add something to your portfolio that you couldn’t get elsewhere. But first, we discuss some big news — that slow-moving Dimensional Fund Advisors are entering the ETF marketplace. After looking at the implications of this move, we use a Harvard paper as our springboard into the topic of private equity. By exploring the shift in demand for private equity, the paper establishes the context for why investors, especially institutions, are seeking higher returns. Looking at research from AQR, we talk about their finding that private equity returns are overvalued, despite them being historically good investments. You’ll hear how the risks underlying private equity are obscured by a ‘return smoothing effect’ and why people are willing to overpay to get smooth returns. We examine how the gap between private and public equity returns has narrowed along with AQR’s argument that market changes have caused private equity investments to perform poorly. After AQR, we move onto a paper by Erik Stafford which shows that small-cap investing yields similar returns to private equity — with the advantage that you don’t have to pay high private equity fees. We round off the episode with a discussion on the benefits of spousal loans before talking about this week’s bad financial advice. This is a valuable episode for those wondering about adding private equity to their portfolios. Listen to find out why that might not be in your best interest.    Key Points From This Episode: Updates on our brilliant future guests — Jim Stanford and William Bernstein. [0:01:50] That Jim Stanford’s book provides an excellent view of money and banking in capitalism. [0:02:49] The big news; Dimensional Fund Advisors are entering the ETF marketplace. [0:04:50] The similarity between Avantis Investments and Dimensional Fund’s offerings. [0:06:05] Speculation on why Dimensional Fund Advisors are moving into the ETF space. [0:09:06] The benefit of ETFs — if you want out, then you have to pick up the spread [0:13:12] How ETFs might affect investor discipline and what ETF demand might look like. [0:14:06] Other Dimension news; 16 Canadian funds will get a management fee reduction. [0:15:39] Corrections to a chart on Twitter showing investors selling their equity holdings. [0:16:16] Hear about Capital and Ideology, Benjamin’s book of the week. [0:17:38] How private equity is becoming increasingly popular. [0:19:26] Why, generally, you shouldn’t include U.S ETFs in your portfolio. [0:21:20] The massive shift towards private equity investment from numerous entities. [0:24:08] How the timing has caused large institutions to look for higher returns. [0:25:33] Why expected returns from private equity were historically good and why this is no longer the case. [0:27:50] How private equity trading results in an artificial ‘return smoothing effect’. [0:29:10] That the valuation gap between private and public equity has narrowed. [0:31:40] What other mechanisms lead to an overvaluation of private equity. [0:32:28] Why IRRs, as opposed to PMEs, can be easily gamed, rendering them unreliable. [0:37:00] The historical conditions that led to high returns from private equity. [0:40:50] Comparing the expected return for public and private equity. [0:43:25] How Erik Stafford’s paper agrees that public equity risk is under-stated. [0:47:06] The difference in dispersion between private and public mutual equity funds. [0:49:30] Why private equity past performance isn’t a predictor of future returns. [0:50:55] How spousal loans allow your partner to make investments with your money. [0:54:24] The potential tax savings that result from spousal loans. [01:01:20] Why you should probably include spousal loan debt forgiveness in your will. [01:03:45] Hear the show’s bad advice of the week; the return of 90s investment ideas. [01:06:16]

Today, we get into a masterclass on retirement planning with a true expert in the field whose perspectives are distinctly evidence-based, Fred Vettese. Fred is a Partner and former Actuary at Morneau Shepell and author of three retirement books including Retirement Income For Life. We hear Fred’s thoughts on what people should be spending in retirement, why there is not a retirement crisis in Canada, and how Canadians can live on far less than they have been told. Fred talks about how to prepare for a bad investment outcome, as well as the problem of underspending early on and ending up with too many assets. He is a big proponent of people deferring their CPP until after 70 and buying an annuity with a portion of their money in most cases. Our guest weighs in on annuities, talking about how to buy them, which types to buy, and why ALDAs exacerbate the problem of early underspending. We query Fred about when people should start their CPP and OAS government benefits, and then move to hear his thoughts about different bear markets, how to invest during them, and what the current massive government interventions mean for the future of taxpayers. Fred gets into the risk of getting a retirement age date wrong, why he doesn’t endorse the 4% spending rule, and how retirement planning is affected by owning versus renting a home next. He also makes a case for when reverse mortgages are a good option, why long-term care insurance makes no sense, and why interest rates are so low right now. Wrapping up, we hear Fred’s thoughts on what this all means for early retirees, people still in the workforce, and those just entering it. Tune in for Fred’s brilliant perspectives on all this and a lot more in what should be an evergreen resource for any Canadian looking for solid retirement instructions.   Key Points From This Episode: Introducing Fred Vettese and his evidence-based work on retirement planning. [0:00:16.3] How Fred and Bill Morneau dispelled notions of a Canadian financial crisis. [0:02:45.3] Rethinking the rule that Canadians spend 70% of their income in retirement. [0:04:55.3] Fred’s conclusion about how spending tracks inflation during retirement. [0:09:27.3] Strategies for how retirees can take on less risk but still have enough money. [0:12:00.3] Avoiding underspending and ending up with too many assets later. [0:15:08.3] The benefits of annuities and why they might not be that safe anymore. [0:16:55.3] The pitfalls of annuities indexed to inflation over combining all income sources. [0:20:00.3] Why ALDAs exacerbate Canadians underspending at younger ages. [0:22:47.3] When to start CPP and OAS government benefits, and tips for exceptional cases. [0:25:59.3] Whether this bear market is vanilla or not and how it affects investment decisions. [0:30:25.3] The effects that massive government stimulus could have on taxpayers. [0:32:28.3] Drawbacks of saving for an over and underestimated retirement age. [0:35:12.3] Thoughts on the 4% spending rule now that bond returns are 0%. [0:37:20.3] How people owning versus renting a home affects retirement planning. [0:39:09.3] When it’s a good idea to take out a reverse mortgage. [0:41:36.3] Why long-term care insurance makes no sense; poor coverage for the price. [0:44:10.3] The link between aging populations and low interest rates/inflation. [0:47:40.3] The impacts of this low interest rate environment on early retirees. [0:52:10.3] Whether Monte Carlo simulation is a useful tool and what success rates to aim for. [0:53:49.3] Why early retirees can withstand a lower Monte Carlo success rate. [0:56:11.3] The reason people who are not retired yet should be saving 20% of their income. [0:56:59.3] Fred’s advice for people entering the workforce to live within their means. [0:58:52.3] How Fred defines success: having a minimal amount of regrets when it’s all over. [0:59:55.3]

Welcome to another episode of the Rational Reminder Podcast! Today’s main topic is how to pick an actively managed fund to invest in despite funds of this type producing lower returns than passive ones! Before getting into that, we hear a few updates on Ben’s research into dollar-cost averaging versus lump-sum investing, discuss the factors that influence choice making found in an amazing new book by Sheena Iyengar, and touch on an OSC report on QuadrigaCX being a big Ponzi scheme! We get into our main topic next, introduced by the point that while Peter Lynch managed the Magellan Fund so well, none of its investors made any money out of it. We talk about the decrease in popularity of actively managed funds and Ben attempts to find out if it would be possible to sketch out a framework for picking one despite this. He does this by firstly defining active and passive investing and then tracing the evolution of the definition of Alpha (excess risk-adjusted returns) found in different key papers, where at each new contribution to the definition, the window for actually achieving Alpha gets smaller. Finally, we end with a framework but you’ll find out how it falls short of being able to narrow the definition of a sensible actively managed fund to invest in down beyond a certain point. From there, we get into some amazing OAS clawback retirement hacks that could earn you a lot of extra income and wrap up with a glance at the bizarre upsurge in Robinhood investors in now-bankrupt Hertz since the pandemic!   Key Points From This Episode: Updates about Ben’s work, fans of RRP, and brilliant upcoming guests! [0:00:40.1] Discussing The Art of Choosing and its meditations on factors that impact choice. [0:05:11.3] Findings of an OSC report about QuadrigaCX being a Ponzi scheme. [0:11:00.6] An article on Peter Lynch and why Active Fund Management doesn’t work. [0:14:53.4] A framework for picking an active fund; defining active/passive investing and Alpha. [0:20:40.9] An evolving definition of Alpha showing active fund management doesn’t often produce it. [0:24:11.3] Findings of a 2017 Vanguard paper that help identify Alpha in actively managed funds. [0:36:20.3] When an active fund is less bad: it is low fee, low turnover, and invested in small-cap value stocks. [0:43:43.3] Adding a criterion to active funds to invest in: those that aren’t that big. [0:44:46.3] The last piece to consider when finding an active fund: active share concerning your belief in the manager. [0:46:29.3] How Ben’s point about active share ties back to investors not doing well under Peter Lynch despite him being a great active fund manager. [0:48:57.3] This week’s planning topic: OAS secrets for the high net worth. [0:52:11.3] Bad advice of the week: the Robinhood investors buying bankrupt Hertz shares. [0:58:08.3]

Even though we learn that money is merely a means of exchange, a store of value, or a unit of account, it’s so much more than this. Money captures so much of what we grapple with like hope, joy, fear, regret, and envy, yet it’s widely surveyed as being the least spoken-about issue when compared to religion, mortality, and marriage. Dr. Brian Portnoy, the author of The Geometry of Wealth, joins us today to share his view on wealth, which moves past the conventional understanding of accumulation. We kick off the show by discussing some of Brian’s research findings around the way people avoid talking about money. From there, we move onto his idea of funded contentment, which he hopes will get people to think about the different facets that go into a contented, joyful, and meaningful life. While this is a purposely loaded concept, Brian conveys the message in a simple, clear way to show that building wealth requires an assessment of many aspects of life. Then, we move onto how Brian believes financial crises affect people’s financial wellness. Although there are certainly immediate devastating effects of these crises, Brian takes it a step further, sharing a conceptual view of how these shifts intersect with people’s financial plans. After this, we turn our attention to adaptive simplicity and how it relates to goal-setting. We round the show off by discussing how the financial management industry is changing, and what Brian hopes the role of the advisor will increasingly become. Be sure to tune in today!   Key Points From This Episode: Learn more about Brian’s rationale for comparing money to Lord Voldemort. [0:03:31.0] Why money — contrary to what we’ve learned — is a qualitative, not quantitative. [0:05:58.0] What Brian hopes to get people to think about with his ‘funded contentment’ idea. [0:06:44.0] How the shapes Brian uses in Geometry of Wealth relate to the journey of achieving wealth. [0:08:36.0] The three-step process to achieve funded contentment. [0:09:22.0] Unpacking priorities and decisions and how they intersect with building wealth. [0:10:54.0] The importance of calibrating planning with purpose and where people fall short. [0:13:50.0] Where people in America are in their financial wellness journey. [0:15:43.0] The four corners of the square: Exploring investment expectations and how people view this. [0:17:37.0] Brian’s practical and conceptual takes on how financial crises’ impact on financial wellness.[0:21:12.0] Why Brian disagrees that volatility is not a great measure of risk for a long-term investor. [0:29:13.0] ‘Adaptive simplicity:’ What this is and why it’s key in financial planning. [0:32:15.0] How to set financial goals, which are static, when being flexible is key. [0:35:17.0] Why Brian believes — despite his hedge fund experience — that investors can’t plan for mark-beating returns. [0:38:47.0] The role that hedge funds could play in investors’ retirement strategies. [0:42:47.0] What investors can do to understand if they can manage their own retirement. [0:45:34.0] How reframing the financial advisor relationship to a coaching one helps. [0:49:15.0] What the future of holistic financial advice should look like, according to Brian. [0:54:53.0] Insights into Brian’s firm, Shaping Wealth, and the work that they do. [0:55:37.0] Brian’s definition of success in his own life. [0:58:02.0]

We kick off today’s episode of the Rational Reminder by discussing when Ben will be publishing his new model portfolios and a quick look at some of our upcoming guests and resources you might want to take a look at. We have been on a roll with our guests lately, and we are certainly not slowing down anytime soon. From there, we look at some of the headlines, such as CDIC developments and the myths around inflation. Next, we move onto to listener rapid-fire questions. Some of the topics include the difference between leveraged ETFs and traditional ones as well as a small-cap investment strategy for an investor with a 30-year plus investment timeline. We then turn our attention to the core topic of the show, dollar-cost averaging versus lump-sum investing. Ben presents an overview of dollar-cost averaging along with some of the perceived benefits. We dive into his analysis of dollar-cost averaging versus lump sum investing in equity portfolios over select 10-year periods across various countries. We discuss the results based on a range of factors and variables. The crux of the argument is that dollar-cost averaging is not as compelling as it’s often sold to be. While there are psychological benefits, the empirical evidence shows that there are not real ones. We wrap the show up with a look at how the pandemic is likely to shape the annuities industry and retirement planning. Tune in today!   Key Points From This Episode: Find out when the new model portfolios will be up. [03:10] Some books to look at ahead of upcoming guests. [05:04] Ben and Cameron’s takeaways from Tobi Lutke’s appearance on Invest Like the Best. [05:43] Current affairs, including CDIC changes, Michael Kitces recent publication, and inflation. [09:07] Rapid fire questions: Leveraged ETFs versus traditional ETFs and size as a risk factor. [13:47] How a small cap value investment strategy could work for an investor with a long horizon. [23:07] Why Ben and Cameron don’t talk about implementing the profitability factor with a dedicated ETF. [25:05] A brief explanation of dollar-cost averaging and the rationale behind it. [29:54] Find out more about Ben’s dollar-cost averaging versus lump sum investing analysis. [31:49] The results of Ben’s analysis and some key takeaways. [36:44] The worst 10% of lump sum outcomes versus dollar-cost averaging – the results. [41:26] Two things people look at to try to predict positive outcomes and its influence on lump sum investing.[50:36] How high stock prices influence lump sum versus dollar-cost averaging outcomes. [53:36] Japan vs the US: How Ben determined if the Japanese market is expensive. [56:37] Three key outcomes of the pandemic on retirement planning. [1:00:03] How the annuity industry can encourage its products with decreasing life expectancy. [1:02:05] Bad advice of the week. [1:06:16]

Who better to have on the Rational Reminder Podcast than Professor Ken French? Ken has been a massive inspiration to us and has remained a guiding light for sensible, evidence-based investors over the last few decades! His work with Eugene Fama stands as the seminal work on the subject of passive investment portfolios and we are so delighted to have him on the show today as we talk through some of his thoughts on a variety of subjects. This conversation was recorded near the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak on this side of the world and although Ken does mention the crisis, the situation has developed considerably since then. We start with the basics, with Ken giving us some helpful definitions and perspectives on asset pricing models and active management before we dive into the current market volatility and familiar topics such as risk tolerance and equity premiums. We also get the chance to hear Ken's reflections on a number of his papers, home-country bias, and the value of a good advisor. Some listeners may be surprised to learn that Ken still relies heavily on a financial advisor of his own and he explains exactly what functions this person performs for him and why he values their help so highly! We also discuss better strategies for long-term portfolio allocation, sustainable investing options and more, so be sure to join us for this very special episode, it is not to be missed!   Key Points From This Episode: Ken's description of asset pricing models and their importance to investments. [0:02:37.2] Reasons why most people should ignore and avoid actively managed options. [0:04:50.7] Why the same rules that apply to mutual funds apply to hedge funds too. [0:08:36.3] Reasonable approaches to the market volatility we are currently experiencing. [0:11:01.7] The potential impacts of the move away from active into passive investments. [0:18:22.2] Realistic expectations for collecting a positive equity premium. [0:21:12.8] The probability of negative premiums and the most helpful time horizons. [0:25:25.5] Findings from the Fama and French paper, Value Premium. [0:28:47.4] Better and worse ways of measuring value and Ken's personal preference. [0:34:06.7] Factoring in the 'momentum effect' and keeping it in perspective. [0:37:36.1] Defining and evaluating home-country bias. [0:41:06.5] Ken's view of buybacks and the possible penalization of companies administering them. [0:43:50.4] Environmental and sustainable investing and how this can play into a strategy. [0:46:02.7] Who should business management work for? Shareholders or corporate stakeholders? [0:49:25.5] Ken's valuable relationship with his own financial advisor! [0:52:41.8] The most important factor that Ken considers in his investments: the unexpected. [0:54:27.2]

We often talk about better planning, reduced spending and a consistent long-term strategy on the show and today we have a guest who not only gives that advice himself but clearly lives it too! Andrew Hallam is the author of the new book Millionaire Expat in which he details some strategies for what has been called geographic arbitrage, or moving to another part of the world in order to maximize your financial independence! His earlier book, Millionaire Teacher took a similar approach to education abroad and he has built out his philosophy from there. We hear from Andrew about his definition of wealth and why so many people who earn a relatively large amount of money can never be called wealthy. Andrew lays out the researched correlations between happiness and money and more clearly between debt and misery. He also shares how he has approached spending, saving and budgeting in his own life and relationships before we get into some more technical investing topics such as the benefits of index funds and why many advisors try to persuade clients away from them. Andrew weighs in on finding the right advisor for your needs and when to seek out help with your portfolio. The last part of the show is spent on the topics of education and expatriation. Andrew is a strong believer in leading by example for your children to learn about money matters and he explains his reasons for moving abroad and the gains he has accrued. For all this from a wonderful guest, tune in today!   Key Points From This Episode: How Andrew defines the term 'wealthy' and why it does not depend on income. [03:43] Links between spending and happiness, and debt and misery. [06:51] How Andrew and his wife have managed their own values around spending. [11:55] Benefits and costs of borrowing; could you handle it if interest rates doubled? [13:32] Andrew's thoughts on index investing and why it is a good idea. [19:06] Common tactics that financial advisors use to steer clients away from index funds. [22:40] Advice for staying steady for the long term, through market volatility. [25:45] Considering the place of investing in gold and the 60/40 portfolio model. [27:46] Ignoring all the false information that gets broadcasted and sticking to the data. [35:05] Why to only consider certified financial planners and how much this cuts the options down. [39:53] Going it alone versus using professional advice; average reactions to volatility. [41:22] Education for the younger generation and Andrew's advice for parents. [45:18] Who could benefit from moving abroad and the idea of geographical arbitrage? [49:56] How Andrew defines success in his own life! The importance of relationships. [54:01]

We spend the bulk of today’s episode considering whether Wealthsimple’s use of long bonds and low volatility stocks is really protecting their clients’ downside, and summing up recent arguments by Cliff Asness and AQR leveled against critiques on value investing. Before that, we kick things off with thoughts on why Elon Musk aims to have no possessions, before looking at the links between empathy and the theory of relativity as well as some productivity secrets in recent books by Charles Duhigg and Shane Parrish. Next up, we briefly address a bunch of listener questions on factor tilting, and ETFs concerning COVID-19, the Smith Maneuver, and more! A final listener question about Wealthsimple’s claim mentioned above leads our hosts to wonder whether volatility and drawdown are good measures of risk. Ben made a few models to help answer this question which tested consumption models as another possible measure and brings up an interesting point about the significance of considering long bonds from an expected return or a risk parity perspective. From there, we move to the investment topic of the week – the historic state of value investing. This is a contentious topic with recent papers by Cliff Asness and AQR both weighing in and you’ll hear Ben and Cameron distill the main points from both. We hear about medium-term odds being on the side of value, and some great arguments showing common critiques leveled at value investing to be premature. Finally, Cameron takes us through the psychometric profiling side of measuring risk tolerance before telling listeners why they shouldn't make investment decisions based on reckless critiques. Tune in to get it all!   Key Points From This Episode: A reminder to comment on the new comments section on the RRP website. [0:00:44.2] Why Elon Musk ways he intends throw away his possessions. [0:04:36.1] New books about productivity and the links between science and empathy. [0:07:08.2] Factor tilting: being aggressive versus non-aggressive. [0:12:43.6] Is there a benefit in capturing size premium using a combination of ETFs? [0:16:54.2] How to adjust RESP asset allocation as kids get closer to school age. [0:18:46.2] What ETFs are best to use while implementing the Smith Maneuver. [0:22:36.2] Has the role of bonds ETFs changed in light of COVID-19? [0:24:12.2] Thoughts on Wealthsimple’s claim to have protected their clients in this downturn. [0:28:34.2] Critiquing long term bonds: is volatility/drawdown a good measure of risk? [0:33:28.2] Ben’s model testing consumption objectives as a measure of risk. [0:36:28.2] Portfolio topic of the week: the historic state of value investing. [0:42:22.2] Considering Cliff Asness’s paper about whether value investing is dead. [0:46:05.2] Considering AQR’s paper addressing critiques levelled at value investing. [0:54:04.2] Planning topic: the psychometric approach to measuring risk tolerance. [1:05:50.2] Bad advice of the week: don’t make investment decisions based on predictions! [1:10:14.2]

Today on the Rational Reminder Podcast we interview a seasoned journalist from The Wall Street Journal, Greg Zuckerman. With 23 years of experience with the media outlet, Greg has written extensively about the most prominent figures in the world of investing, including Jim Simons, John Paulson and Carl Icahn, generally focusing his attention on significant trades, traders and fund managers. In this episode, Greg shares how covering the stories of renowned investors and fund managers have influenced his investment philosophy. Specifically, we get into his book about John Paulson, The Greatest Trade Ever, and why Greg reckons Paulson never managed to achieve the same level of success following this famous trade. His work on the founder of Renaissance Technologies, Jim Simons, also produces fascinating points of discussion, including why their Medallion Fund became so successful and how capping the size of the fund contributed to its outstanding performance. Greg also talks about the idiosyncratic character of Simons, the role of luck, why taking an algorithmic approach to investing is likely to produce good outcomes in the long run, and why people should not always pay attention to the advice of “smart money” sources like hedge funds.    Key Points From This Episode: How covering the stories of prominent fund managers has affected Greg’s investment philosophy. [0:03:27.1] Thoughts on the likelihood of fund managers outperforming the market. [0:05:54.1] Hear about John Paulson’s big trade and why he has failed to outperform since. [0:07:24.1] Find out what made Renaissance Technologies’ Medallion Fund so successful. [0:11:25.1] The role that capping the size of their fund has played in their ongoing success. [0:13:30.1] More about Jim Simons: the mathematician with outstanding people skills. [0:14:46.1] The influence that Simons personally had on the outcome of the Medallion Fund. [0:17:02.1] The unpredictability of luck and intuition Simon’s relied upon in his early days of trading. [0:22:22.5] George’s biggest surprise in writing the story and his general thoughts on market efficiency. [0:24:27.1] Advice about investors making decisions based on the opinions of people like Buffett and Dalio. [0:28:06:7] Algorithmic thinking and other lessons from working with Renaissance Technologies. [0:31:26.1] Why the so-called “smart money” sources like hedge funds are not so smart. [0:34:28.6] Learn how Greg became interested in Wall Street characters and how he gets access to their stories. [0:36:36.6]