The World in Time / Lapham’s Quarterly

In this engaging discussion, historian Eric Jay Dolin, author of 'Rebels at Sea: Privateering in the American Revolution,' sheds light on the often-overlooked role of privateering in America's fight for independence. He argues that although it wasn't the sole cause of victory, privateering significantly impacted British trade and military tactics. Dolin shares captivating stories of unsung heroes like Jonathan Harriton, while also delving into the ethics of privateering and its role in forging vital alliances with France. An eye-opening exploration of maritime warfare!

Richard Cohen, author of Making History: The Storytellers Who Shaped the Past, dives into the intricate world of historiography. He discusses how personal beliefs of historians like Herodotus and Thucydides shape our understanding of history. The conversation also explores the Bible as a complex cultural artifact and Sir Walter Scott's lasting influence on literature and Scottish identity. Cohen emphasizes the power dynamics in historical narratives and the importance of incorporating diverse voices for a more truthful portrayal of our past.

“In 1739 the members of Bordeaux’s Royal Academy of Sciences met to determine the subject of the 1741 prize competition,” historians Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Andrew S. Curran write at the beginning of “Who’s Black and Why? A Hidden Chapter from the Eighteenth-Century Invention of Race.” “As was customarily the case, the topic they chose was constructed in the form of a question: ‘What is the physical cause of the Negro’s color, the quality of [the Negro’s hair, and the degeneration of both [Negro hair and skin]?’ According to the longer description of the contest that later appeared in the Journal des savants, the academy’s members were interested in receiving a winning essay that would solve the riddle of the African variety’s distinctive physical traits. But what really preoccupied these men were three larger (and unspoken) questions. The first two were straightforward: Who is Black? And why? The third question was more far-reaching: What did being Black signify? Never before had the Bordeaux Academy, or any scientific academy for that matter, challenged Europe’s savants to explain the origins and, implicitly, the worth of a particular type of human being.” This week on the podcast, Lewis H. Lapham speaks with Andrew S. Curran, co-editor of “Who’s Black and Why? A Hidden Chapter from the Eighteenth-Century Invention of Race,” about the ramifications of this 1741 contest and the racist answers to these questions offered by Montesquieu; Georges-Louis Leclerc, count de Buffon; and other philosophers based in one of France’s wealthy slave-trading ports. Thanks to our generous donors. Lead support for this podcast has been provided by Elizabeth “Lisette” Prince. Additional support was provided by James J. “Jimmy” Coleman Jr.

In this engaging conversation, Peter S. Goodman, Global Economic Correspondent for The New York Times and author of 'Davos Man: How the Billionaires Devoured the World,' dives deep into the ramifications of billionaire domination in our economy. He critiques the 'cosmic lie' surrounding trickle-down economics and examines its roots in the Reagan era. The podcast also tackles the detrimental impact of profit motives on American healthcare and advocates for systemic changes to combat economic inequities and promote fair growth.

Oliver Milman, an environmental journalist and author of "The Insect Crisis," discusses the alarming decline of insect populations and the catastrophic consequences for ecosystems and food security. He paints a vivid picture of a world without insects—essential for pollination and sustaining life. Milman also explores the intriguing yet problematic innovations of robotic bees and debates modern agricultural practices that harm vital insect habitats. His insights underscore the urgent need for conservation and a shift in how we perceive these tiny yet mighty creatures.

Roosevelt Montás, a senior lecturer at Columbia University and author of 'Rescuing Socrates', shares his inspiring journey from the Dominican Republic to academia. He discusses how discovering Plato’s dialogues transformed his worldview and ignited his passion for liberal education. Montás emphasizes the crucial role of mentorship and the importance of a well-rounded education in fostering self-awareness and civic engagement. He also critiques the current decline of liberal education and urges a return to seeking deeper meaning in learning beyond mere vocational training.

Historian Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy, author of 'The Illimitable Freedom of the Human Mind,' dives into Thomas Jefferson's profound yet complicated legacy. He explores Jefferson's unwavering commitment to founding the University of Virginia, revealing how it reflects his ideals about education and freedom. The conversation tackles the duality of Jefferson's legacy as both a champion of democracy and a slave owner. O’Shaughnessy also emphasizes the urgent need for education as a tool to rectify historical injustices, blending past and contemporary discussions about liberty.

Joseph J. Ellis, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian renowned for his work on early American history, discusses the paradoxical nature of the American Revolution. He argues that its success stemmed from not being a true revolution, highlighting the complexity of founders' choices, including those surrounding slavery. The conversation delves into George III's role in catalyzing independence, the resilience shown at Valley Forge, and the ideological currents shaping revolutionary thought, all while drawing striking parallels to modern political challenges.

David Wengrow, an archaeologist renowned for his work on social evolution and co-author of *The Dawn of Everything*, dives deep into the complexities of human history. He challenges the idea that societal advancements emerged solely from agriculture, uncovering diverse ancient cultures with egalitarian principles. The discussion highlights Indigenous perspectives, critiques of social hierarchies, and creative alternatives to capitalism in the face of ecological challenges. Wengrow emphasizes that human history is rich with possibilities, urging a rethinking of our collective past and future.

Geoffrey Wheatcroft, a historian and author known for his insights on Winston Churchill, dives deep into the myths surrounding Churchill's legacy. He discusses why many view Churchill as a fictional character, illustrating how popular culture distorts historical facts. The conversation critiques Churchill's military decisions, particularly during the Gallipoli Campaign and WWII, while also highlighting the duality of his celebrated yet controversial nature. Wheatcroft connects Churchill's actions to contemporary issues, urging a reexamination of his historical impact.