Archaeologist and Brains On producer Anna Goldfield joins the hosts to uncover the truth about Neanderthals. They discuss the initial misunderstandings, similarities, and differences between Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. The chapter explores advancements in archaeology, including insights into Neanderthals' diet, society, and possible extinction reasons. The hosts also share their vision for a futuristic toothbrush and thank contributors.

Joining the discussion are Kevin Klatt, a nutrition scientist, and Anna Goldfield, an archaeologist who specializes in historical diets. They delve into the intricacies of the Paleo Diet, contrasting it with ancient eating habits. The duo explores myths about ancestral health, the nutritional struggles of prehistoric populations, and the misconceptions surrounding modern interpretations of the diet. They emphasize the importance of variety in nutrition and caution against rigid dietary adherence, advocating for personalized approaches based on scientific evidence.