Delve into the concept of Divine Right of Kings in 17th century Britain, shaping monarchs, inspiring Shakespeare, and influencing thinkers like Locke. Explore the clash between societal expectations and monarchs' sacral authority, the impact of James I and plays like Macbeth on perceptions of monarchy, and the resurgence of divine right during Charles II's reign. Unravel the complex interplay of politics, religion, and literature in defining the legitimacy of rulers.
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Quick takeaways
The Divine Right of Kings originated from the belief in a monarch's sacred appointment by God, influencing 17th-century British culture and politics.
Literature and philosophy, like Marlowe and Locke's works, critiqued Divine Right monarchy, emphasizing rights and limits on rulers' authority.
Deep dives
Emergence of Divine Right Monarchy
The Divine Right of Kings concept emerged strongly in Europe following the Reformation in the 16th century. It evolved from a theocratic argument driven by Catholic theology to Protestant justifications for monarchial authority. The fracturing of Catholic theology necessitated Protestant countries to defend their authority through the monarchy, aligning with the idea of Divine Right monarchy.
Theocratic vs. Anti-Theocratic Views
Throughout history, two views on the source of political authority have existed: one ascending from the people and the other a descending theory from God. The pre-Reformation period saw debates on sacred versus civil authority, such as the conflict between the papacy and civil government. These debates centered on the divine nature of authority and the king's channel to divine grace.
Challenges to Divine Right Monarchy
Literature and drama challenged Divine Right monarchy notions, such as Marlowe's 'Edward II' and Shakespeare's 'Richard II,' portraying excessive kings whose rule is questioned. These works exemplify debates on when it's legitimate to overthrow a monarch and the concept of rulers exceeding their divine mandate.
Transition Away from Divine Right Monarchy
Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' and Marvell's 'Last Instructions to a Painter' critiqued Divine Right monarchy. Locke's work, opposing Filmer's 'Patriarcha,' emphasized natural rights and the people's right to resist failed monarchs. These writings marked a shift towards a more naturalistic and utilitarian basis for governance, challenging the divine authority of kings.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Divine Right of Kings. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the character Malcolm describes the magical healing powers of the king: “How he solicits heaven, Himself best knows; but strangely-visited people, All swoln and ulcerous, pitiful to the eye, The mere despair of surgery, he cures; Hanging a golden stamp about their necks, Put on with holy prayers...”The idea that a monarch could heal with his touch flowed from the idea that a king was sacred, appointed by God and above the judgement of earthly powers. It was called the Divine Right of Kings. The idea resided deep in the culture of 17th century Britain affecting the pomp of the Stuart Kings, the writings of Milton and Shakespeare and the political works of John Locke. It is a story that involves witches, regicide, scrofula, Macbeth, miraculous portraits and some of the greatest poetry in the English language. With Justin Champion, Professor of the History of Early Modern Ideas at Royal Holloway, University of London; Tom Healy, Professor of Renaissance Studies at Birkbeck College, University of London; Clare Jackson, Lecturer and Director of Studies in History at Trinity Hall, Cambridge
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