John Sweller, Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology, is renowned for his Cognitive Load Theory. He shares insights on the theory's development and its vital role in shaping effective educational practices. He highlights the gap between problem-solving and real learning, and contrasts traditional methods with inquiry-based strategies. Sweller also discusses biologically primary versus secondary knowledge, and the implications of cognitive load for teaching writing and mathematics, challenging existing educational methodologies along the way.
Cognitive Load Theory emphasizes the importance of transferring knowledge to long-term memory to maximize students' problem-solving capabilities.
The distinction between biologically primary and secondary knowledge suggests that educators must adapt teaching strategies for effective learning outcomes.
Deep dives
Origins of Cognitive Load Theory
Cognitive load theory originated from experiments conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on how individuals solve problems. The researcher conducted a series of problem-solving experiments where participants could only achieve the solution through a specific sequence of operations, yet many failed to recognize the pattern of their actions. This discrepancy prompted inquiries into whether students genuinely learn the conceptual foundations behind problem-solving in educational contexts. Ultimately, it was revealed that even if students solve problems, they might not understand the underlying rules and procedures necessary for broader application.
Understanding Working Memory and Long-Term Memory
Working memory plays a crucial role in initial information processing but is inherently limited in capacity and duration. Once information is processed and stored in long-term memory, its constraints disappear, enabling individuals to utilize that information effectively without the same cognitive limitations. This distinction highlights the importance of focusing on aiding students in transferring knowledge to long-term memory, as doing so fundamentally enhances their ability to function and apply learned concepts. Educational strategies must then prioritize how to maximize retention and retrieval of information from long-term memory.
The Worked Example Effect
Research has demonstrated that studying worked examples significantly enhances problem-solving skills compared to traditional problem-solving methods. When students are presented with a detailed solution to a problem rather than being asked to solve it independently, they often perform better in subsequent assessments of similar problems. This finding contradicts the intuitive belief that learning through struggle yields better understanding. The results emphasize that more information is processed and retained when students analyze solved problems, indicating that direct instruction may be more effective than discovery learning in complex scenarios.
Biologically Primary vs. Biologically Secondary Knowledge
Geary's theory distinguishes between biologically primary knowledge, which individuals naturally acquire without formal instruction, and biologically secondary knowledge, which requires conscious effort to learn. This framework clarifies the challenges in teaching secondary knowledge, such as reading and math, while recognizing that primary knowledge, like language acquisition, occurs naturally. The distinction also sheds light on why traditional teaching approaches can struggle with efficiency in a classroom setting, as the skills learned outside of school often do not transfer well to structured learning environments. Consequently, educators should tailor their teaching methods to accommodate these different types of knowledge, fostering better learning outcomes.
John Sweller is Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and is probably best know for his work on Cognitive Load Theory. He is also one of Greg Ashman's PhD supervisors. In this episode, John talks to Greg about the development of Cognitive Load Theory, its implications and some of the common criticisms levelled at the theory. Along the way, they discuss biologically primary and biologically secondary knowledge as well as their thoughts on the draft new Australian Curriculum.
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